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501😩 is hard > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

EQ Which of the following occurs at birth when the newborn takes the first breath? (1 Mark)

a) Closure of the ductus arteriosus
b) Closure of the foramen ovale
c) Increase in left atrial pressure
d) All of the above

A

All of the above

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2
Q

Myocardial Infarction in an under 5-year-old is unlikely to be caused by (1 Mark)

a) Atherosclerosis
b) ALCAPA
c) Kawasaki Disease
d) Anomalous origin of coronary artery

A

Atherosclerosis

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3
Q

Which of the following arrhythmia on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is not a cardiac arrest rhythm?

a) Ventricular Fibrillation
b) Asystole
c) Atrial Fibrillation
d) Ventricular tachycardia

A

c) Atrial Fibrillation

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4
Q

EQ Which of the following is a symptom of heart failure?
a) Increased energy levels
b) Increased HbA1C
c) Breathlessness
d) Frequent urinary tract infections

A

c) Breathlessness

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5
Q

30.Which of the following does NOT occur at birth when the newborn takes the first breath?

a) Closure of the ductus arteriosus
b) Closure of the foramen ovale
c) Increase in left atrial pressure
d) Decrease in left atrial pressure

A

d) Decrease in left atrial pressure

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6
Q

Myocardial Infarction in an under 5-year-old may be caused by: (1 Mark)
o Atherosclerosis
o Rheumatic Fever
o Tetralogy of Fallot
o Kawasaki Disease

A

Kawasaki Disease

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7
Q

A blood clot within an artery is known as:

a) Myocardial infarction
b) Thrombus
c) Stroke
d) Acute coronary syndrome

A

b) Thrombus

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8
Q

Which of the following arrhythmia on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates acute myocardial infarction is occurring?

a) ST-Segment Elevation
b) Ventricular Fibrillation
c) Asystole
d) Atrial Fibrillatio

A

a) ST-Segment Elevation

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9
Q

31.Which of the following does NOT occur at birth when the newborn takes the first breath?

a) Closure of the ductus arteriosus
b) Closure of the foreamen ovale
c) Pulmonary vasodilation
d) Decrease in left atrial pressure

A

d) Decrease in left atrial pressure

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10
Q

Which of the following arrhythmia on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates acute myocardial infarction is occurring? (1 Mark)
a) Ventricular Fibrillation
b) Asystole
c) Atrial Fibrillation
d) ST-Segment Elevation

A

d) ST-Segment Elevation

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11
Q

Temporary obstruction or vasospasm of the coronary arteries associated with chest pain occurring on exertion which then resolves at rest is known as:
o Prinzmetal Angina
o Angina Pectoris
o Atrial Flutter
o Ludwig’s Angina

A

o Prinzmetal Angina

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12
Q

Give an example of one modifiable and one non-modifiable cardiac risk factor (2 Marks)

A

Not modifiable: Age

Modifiable: Smoking

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13
Q

Describe the development of atherosclerosis (10 Marks)

A
  1. Irritant in blood eg. toxins from smoking
  2. Damages endothelium
  3. And then collects under the endothelium
  4. Toxin gets oxidised which sends a signal to the immune system which triggers monocytes
  5. Monocytes attack endothelium and toxin together and become macrophages to phagocyte toxin
  6. Phagocytosis of toxin causes macrophages to die and become a foam cell
  7. Foam cells form fatty streak on endothelium
  8. Smooth muscle produces a fibrous cap to stop fatty streaks from being released into the bloodstream (fibrous plaque)
  9. Fibrous plaque reduces lumen size (narrows blood vessels)
  10. Fibrous plaque ruptures causing a blood clot and narrows artery even more
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14
Q

EQ What modifications to lifestyle choices could you suggest to someone with high levels of cholesterol?

(2 Marks)

A
  • Increase physical activity levels
  • Increase in fibre
  • Less saturated fats
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15
Q

EQ With regards to the development of atherosclerosis, the ‘response to injury’ theory suggests that an inflammatory response is because of injury to the endothelium of the artery. Suggest some possible causes of damage to the endothelium. (4 Marks)

A

o tobacco toxins

o hyperglycaemia (diabetic patients)

o chronic exposure to hypertension

o Lipids (choloestral)

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16
Q

Identify 3 potential arteries where atherosclerotic plaques may build and name the corresponding conditions which manifest from blockages in these areas. (6 Marks)
Artery Condition————Manifestation

A

Artery Condition——- Manifestation:

Coronary artery———-
Coronary artery disease or Angina

Carotid artery————–
Stroke

Femoral and iliac arteries——–
Peripheral vascular disease

17
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to the collection of syndromes resulting from the formation of a thrombus on a complicated atheromatous plaque. There are three different categorisations of ACS.

Name these conditions: (3 Marks)

b) In relation to the above conditions complete the table below: (6 Marks)

CONDITIONs– ECG CHANGES Yes or No— Rise inTroponin T Level Yes or No

A

CONDITIONs– ECG CHANGES Yes or No— Rise inTroponin T Level Yes or No

  1. Unstable Angina— T wave flat por inverted— No
  2. Non ST Elevation—T wave flat por inverted— Yes
  3. ST Elevation— ST Elevated— Yes
18
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) refers to the collection of syndromes resulting from the formation of a thrombus on a complicated atheromatous plaque. There are three different categorisations of ACS.
Name these conditions: (3 Marks)

A

· Unstable Angina
· Non ST Elevation
· ST Elevation

19
Q

Give an example of one modifiable and one non-modifiable cardiac risk factor (2 Marks)

A

Not modifiable: Age
Modifiable: Smoking

20
Q

Which of the following occurs at birth when the newborn takes the first breath? (1 Mark)
a) Closure of the ductus arteriosus
b) Closure of the foramen ovale
c) Increase in left atrial pressure
d) All of the above

A
21
Q

Myocardial Infarction in an under 5-year-old is unlikely to be caused by (1 Mark)
a) Atherosclerosis
b) ALCAPA
c) Kawasaki Disease
d) Anomalous origin of coronary artery

A
22
Q

Which of the following arrhythmia on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) is not a cardiac arrest rhythm?
a) Ventricular Fibrillation
b) Asystole
c) Atrial Fibrillation
d) Ventricular tachycardi

A
23
Q

Which of the following is a symptom of heart failure?
a) Increased energy levels
b) Increased HbA1C
c) Breathlessness
d) Frequent urinary tract infections

A
24
Q

A blood clot within an artery is known as:
a) Myocardial infarction
b) Thrombus
c) Stroke
d) Acute coronary syndrome

A
25
Q

Which of the following arrhythmia on a 12-lead electrocardiogram (ECG) indicates acute myocardial infarction is occurring?
a) ST-Segment Elevation
b) Ventricular Fibrillation
c) Asystole
d) Atrial Fibrillation

A
26
Q

Temporary obstruction or vasospasm of the coronary arteries associated with chest pain occurring on exertion which then resolves at rest is known as:
o Prinzmetal Angina
o Angina Pectoris
o Atrial Flutter
o Ludwig’s Angina

A
27
Q
A

501😩 is hard (19 decks)

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