2. Immune response (2)

Question 1

What are cytokines?

Answer 1

a chemical produced by immune cells and acts to stimulate other immune cells

Question 2

Innate immune response vs Adaptive immune response

Answer 2

Innate
-Present at birth
-phagocytic cells
-Not adaptive (eg. mucus to trap foreign substances)

Adaptive
- Against one specific invader
- B + T cells
- Long term memory

Question 3

What is passive immunity ?

Answer 3

Antibodies given from someone else- antibodies break down- short term immunity

Question 4

What is active immunity?

Answer 4

Individual has a responded to an antigen and produces OWN antibodies
Lymphocytes activated and memory cells produce long term immunity

Question 5

What is the primary immune response?

Answer 5

First exposure to the antigen

Question 6

What is the secondary immune response?

Answer 6

Second and subsequent response to antigen

Question 7

What are the 3 functions of the lymphatic system?

Answer 7

Immunity
Maintain fluid levels
Absorb fats from GI tract to bloodstream

Question 8

What does the lymphatic system consist of?

Answer 8

Bone marrow

Spleen

Thymus

Lymph nodes

Lymphatic vessels

Question 9

What is Phagocytosis?

Answer 9

Intake of bacteria

Form phagosome

Lysosomes and phagosome form phagolysosomes

Exocytosis: Soluble debris excreted and pathogen destroyed

Question 10

What is antigen presentation?

Answer 10

Antigen presentation: display parts of a pathogen that stimulate an adaptive response

Question 11

What’s another word for antibody?

Answer 11

immunoglobulins

Question 12

What is an antibody/ immunoglobulin?

Answer 12

A protein designed to bind and destroy a specific antigen

Y-shaped – Variable site (antigen-binding site) and constant region

Question 13

Name the 3 main ways to neutralise and destroy pathogens

Answer 13

Neutralisation
Opsonisation
Complement fixation

Question 14

Define neutralisation

Answer 14

Neutralisation: antibodies coat the antigen and prevent it from interacting with the host cell surface
One of the 3 main ways to neutralise and destroy pathogens

Question 15

Define Opsonisation

Answer 15

Antibodies on pathogen allow phagocyte cells to recognise pathogen – so enhance phagocytosis
One of the 3 main ways to neutralise and destroy pathogens

Question 16

Define Complement fixation

Answer 16

antibodies on pathogen activate the complement system of blood proteins – directly kills pathogen
One of the 3 main ways to neutralise and destroy pathogens

Question 17

Name the 5 types of antibodies and where they are present

Answer 17

IgA – present in muocus membrane and in body secretions

IgD – acts as antigen receptor on B cells

IgE – immunity against allergies (causes histamine to be released from mast cells and basophils)

IgG – main antibody (70%) – antibody-mediated immunity to fight and prevent infections

IgM – involved early part of immunity

Question 18

Where do antigens come from?

Answer 18

Antibody generator