2. Inflammatory Response

Question 1

What are the 4 cardinal signs of Inflammation?

Answer 1

Pain (Inflammatory mediators)
Redness & Warmth (vascular and cellular response)
Swelling (removal of infection, toxins, cells and debris)

Question 2

Name some EXTERNAL and INTERNAL causes of tissue Injury

Answer 2

EXTERNAL (outside the body)
Bone fracture, burns, Infection

INTERNAL
Ischaemia (reduced blood supply to tissues)
Tumours (compress neighbouring tissues)

Question 3

What occurs in an acute inflammatory response? What’s the aim?

Answer 3

Inflammatory response aimed at clearing infection quickly

*Inflammatory response (Release of inflammatory mediators eg. Histamine (causes pain) & Prostaglandins
Cardinal sign PAIN
*Vascular response (Vasodilation and increased Vascular permeability)
Cardinal signs
RED, WARMTH, SWELLING
*Cellular response (Immune cell recruitment from the blood to fight infection eg. neutrophils)

Question 4

Explain the vascular response in an acute inflammatory response.

Answer 4

Vasodilation (blood vessel increases in size)
Vascular permeability (more immune cells can get in and out of blood cells)

Question 5

What causes chronic inflammation?

Answer 5

Persistent & causes significant tissue damage. Need macrophages and lymphocytes

Question 6

What is a persistent infection?

Answer 6

Microorganisms have not been removed

Question 7

What occurs in an allergic disease?

Answer 7

Continued exposure to the chemical causing allergy eg. Asthma & hayfever

Question 8

What occurs in autoimmunity?

Answer 8

Immune system targets the body’s own tissues

Question 9

Give an example of prolonged exposure to potentially toxic agents

Answer 9

asbestos and silica and smoking

Question 10

What type of response is sepsis?

Answer 10

Systemic inflammation response caused by infection
Inflammatory response is no longer localised and has spread throughout the body.

Question 11

What are the key characteristics of sepsis and what does it lead to?

Answer 11

Fever
Rapid RR
Rapid HR
Raised WBC count

Leads to low BP and organ failure

Question 12

After tissue damage what does the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins cause?

Answer 12

Pain

Question 13

What is the chemical reason for pain?

Answer 13

After tissue damage, there is the release of inflammatory mediators such as histamine and prostaglandins

Question 14

After tissue damage occurs, what causes redness and warmth?

Answer 14

The Vascular response: vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, outflow of fluid exudate
+
A cellular response: The recruitment of immune cells from the blood

Question 15

What symptom post tissue damage is the result of the vascular response and a cellular response?

Answer 15

redness and warmth

Question 16

Identify the three phases of the inflammatory response and give an example of what happens in each. (6 Marks)

Answer 16

• Vascular response eg. vasodilation of blood vessels
• cellular response – immune cells eg. neutrophils (have to name a specific wbc’s)
• release of inflammatory mediators (histamine which causes pain) – 2 marks

Question 17

What happens in the acute inflammatory response? (7 Marks)

Answer 17

• Tissue damage causes the release of inflammatory mediators eg .histamine (cardinal sign is pain)
• The vascular response (vasodilation and increased vascular permeability) allows more immune cells eg. neutrophils to respond (cellular response)
• Cardinal signs are redness, warmth and swelling
• These 3 responses allow the removal of infection

Question 18

Describe how the Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) develops into the Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
(6 Marks)

Answer 18

Chronic inflammation
* HIV causes HIV infection
* HIV damages the immune system (kills CD4 cells)
* The body can’t fight infection
* AIDS is the last stage of HIV infection
* Acquired immune deficiency syndrome

Question 19

Name the inflammatory Mediators?

Answer 19

Arachidonic acid derivatives (leukotrienes and prostaglandins)
Vasoactive peptides (kinins)
Phospholipid mediators (platelet activating factor)
Cytokines (interleukins and other bioresponse modifiers).