Neuro (04.03) Cerebral Cortex Flashcards
the cerebral cortex is ___ the brain’s weight and has an area of nearly ____ square feet. it is most highly developed in ____ and plays a role in language, abstract thinking, and adaptations to environment
- 1/2
- 2
- humans
the ____ makes up most of the cortex and is composed of ___ layers which account for 95% of the cortex in humans
- neurocortex
- 6
3 layers of the cerebral cortex at the BASE of the brain
paleocortex
3 layers of the cerebral cortex which composes most of the hippocampus
archicortex
most prevalent type of neuron in the cortex
pyramid cell
pyramidal cells have ____ synapses
excitatory (glutamate)
preferential site of excitatory synapses on a pyramidal cell
dendritic spine
dentritic spines are suggested to be sites of ____ that are selectively modified as a result of ___
- synapses
- learning
small changes in spine configuration lead to what?
electrical properties and in turn synapse efficacy
some forms of intellectual disability may be associated with poor ___ ___
spine development
*autism, fragile X syndrome, etc
cortical neuron that tends to have short axons that remain in the cortex and are very diverse
nonpyramidal cell
non pyramidal cells mostly make ___ ___ and are principle ___ of the cortex
- inhibitory (GABA) synapses
- interneurons
what are the six layers of the neocortex form superficial to deep
- molecular layer
- external granular layer
- external pyramidal layer
- internal granular layer
- internal pyramidal layer
- multiform layer
in what layer of the neocortex can the outer band of bailarger (line of gennari) be found
internal granular layer
in the neocortex, areas that send off long axons have more ____ ____
pyramidal cells
in the neocortex, ___ ___ areas project to nearby cortex so there is no need for long axons so fewer pyramidal cells
primary sensory
regarding the neocortex, granular and agranular cortex is ____ ____
irregularly distributed
brodmann characterized 44 areas with ____ ____
imprecise boundaries
the neocortex is as tightly correlated with ___ as once thought
function
the total cortical volume is rather ___ , but there is a large variation in ___ ___ sizes among individuals
- constant
- brodmann area
name of the person who had severe left prefrontal lobe damage and lived
phineas gage
regarding neocortical regions, the primary sensory areas receive info from ___ ___ ___ ____
thalamic sensory relay nuclei
regarding neocortical regions, the primary motor areas give rise to much of the ____ ___
corticospinal tract
the sensory areas of the cortex have a ____ organization
topographical
the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ____ ___ in the ___ lobe. it deals with initial processing of _____ and ____ info
- postcentral gyrus
- parietal
- tactile
- proprioceptive
the inferior parietal lobe of ONE hemisphere (usually ___) is involved with ___ ____
- left
- language comprehension
the majority of the parietal lobe deals with what?
complex aspects of spatial organization and directing attention
the primary visual cotex is located in the banks of the ___ ___ in the ___ lobe
- calcarine sulcus
- occipital lobe
the visual association cortex is involved with what?
higher order visual processing
what can occur if there is bilateral injury to inferior occipital lobe
color blindness
what can occur if there is bilateral injury to occipital-temporal junction?
motion blindness
the primary auditory cortex is in the ____ ____ ___ on the SUPERIOR SURFACE of the ____ ___ ____
- transverse temporal gyri
- superior temporal gyrus
wernike’s area is on the ____ aspect of one hemisphere (usually ____) and is involved in ____ ____
- posterior
- left
- language comprehesion
the ____ lobe is also involved with HIGHER ORDER visual processing
temporal
the gustatory cortex is in what two places?
- frontal lobe (operculum)
- insula
the vestibular cotex is in what two places?
- superior temporal gyrus
- posterior insula
the primary olfactory cortex is ____, NOT _____
- paleocortical
- neocortical
name of the cortex that covers the amygdala
periamygdaloid cortex
broca’s area is found on the ___ ___ ___ in the ____ lobe. it is usually found on the ___ hemisphere and deals with the production of ____ and ___ language
- inferior frontal gyrus
- frontal
- left
- spoken
- written
the majority of the frontal lobe that deals with executive functions (personality, foresight, and insight)
prefontal cortex
areas that mediate higher mental functions such as language, art, music, etc
association areas
what are the two types of association areas?
- unimodal
- multimodal
type of association cortex that is devoted to elaborating on business of primary area (adjacent to the area)
unimodal association area
type of association cortex that deals with high level intellectual functions and is inferior to parietal lobule and comprises much of the frontal and temporal lobes
multimodal association area
hemisphere that produces and comprehends language
dominant hemisphere
the ____ hemisphere is dominant in most ppl
left
*even those who are left handed
cortical language areas are located near the ___ ___
lateral sulcus
the lateral sulcus extends further posteriorly on the ___ hemisphere bc the ___ ___ is larger on the left
- right
- plantum temporale
part of the superior temporal gyrus posterior to primary auditory cortex
planum temporale
broca’s area and wernicke’s area are known as?
perisylvian language areas
inability to use language, lose the use of, or access to symbols humans use as concepts (i.e. words)
aphasia
brocas and wernickes areas provide framework for two broad types of aphasia that depend on what?
how easily words are produced
*either fluent or nonfluent
aphasia that can make few written or spoken words. it is very difficult to produce words. all detail and meaning in sentences is lost. you are still able to comprehend language though
nonfluent aphasia
nonfluent aphasia deals with damage to ___ area
broca’s
type of aphasia where the pt can still write and speak, but words used and sequences of words used in sentences is incorrect. there is little linguistic content. they substitute words and make up words
fluent aphasia
fluent aphasia deals with damage to ___ area
wernicke’s
done in fluent aphasia where pts substitute one letter or word for another
paraphasia
done in fluent aphasia where pts make up new words
neologisms
interconnects brocas area to wernickes (damage to wernickes leaves brocas area unchecked)
arcuate fasciculous
musical aspects of speech that are formed in the right hemisphere
prosody
what part of the right hemisphere produces prosody?
right inferior frontal gyrus
what part of the right hemisphere comprehends prosody?
right posterior temporoparietal region
what are the three types of unimoda areas in the parietal cortex?
- visual association cortex
- auditory associaiton areas
- somatosensory
damage to the unimodal areas of the parietal cortex can cause what?
specific agnosias (inability to recognize faces or perceive movement)
the parietal cortex monitors the relationships of the ___ with the ____ ___
- body
- outside world
if there is right parietal lobe damage, what could happen?
- patient has trouble with left side of the body
- patient may deny something is wrong with the limb
occurs during right parietal lobe damage in which the patient will ignore the contralateral half of the body to the injured parietal lobe. they may deny something is wrong with the left limb and be convinced that the limb is someone else’s
contralateral neglect
when there is left parietal lobe damage, what could happen?
-apraxis (lack of action)
apraxis occurs during ___ parietal lobe injury and is when pts are unable to perform certain ____ such as touching their finger to their nose (they can scratch the itch on their face though)
- left
- actions
frontal lobe anterior to primary motor and supplemental motor cortices
prefrontal cortex
the prefrontal cortex controls activities of other ____ ___ and underlies ____ ____
- cortical areas
- executive functions
the prefrontal cortex is interconnected with the _____ ___ of the thalamus
dorsomedial nucleus
what are the two broad types of the prefrontal cortex
- dorsolateral
- ventromedial
broad type of the prefrontal cortex that is involved with working memory “keep in mind”, problems planning, solving problems, and maintaining attention
dorsolateral (over the lateral convexity)
broad type of the prefrontal cortex that if damaged makes people impulsive to the point where they can’t suppress inappropriate responses/emotions
ventromedial (extends to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate areas)
what are the two commisures ?
- corpus callosum
- anterior commissure
predominate interconnection between hemispheres
corpus callosum
interconnects temporal lobes (inferior), and anterior olfactory nuclei
anterior commissure
regarding the corpus callosum, all parts of the brain receive commissural fibers EXCEPT the ___ area of the somatosensory and motor cortex and parts of the ____ cortex
- hand
- visual
disconnection syndromes can result from what?
white matter damage
disconnection syndromes cause ____ without ___ meaning that the pt can ____ but cannot ____. it is very rare and are mostly caused by ____
- alexia
- agraphia
- write
- read
- stroke
association bundles interconnect areas of ____ ____
one hemisphere (no cross)
what type of fibers in association bundles are short?
U-fibers
the ____ fibers of association bundles travel to different lobes
long
