Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Neuro (04.03) Cerebral Cortex > Flashcards

Neuro (04.03) Cerebral Cortex Flashcards

1
Q

the cerebral cortex is ___ the brain’s weight and has an area of nearly ____ square feet. it is most highly developed in ____ and plays a role in language, abstract thinking, and adaptations to environment

A
  • 1/2
  • 2
  • humans
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

the ____ makes up most of the cortex and is composed of ___ layers which account for 95% of the cortex in humans

A
  • neurocortex

- 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

3 layers of the cerebral cortex at the BASE of the brain

A

paleocortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

3 layers of the cerebral cortex which composes most of the hippocampus

A

archicortex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

most prevalent type of neuron in the cortex

A

pyramid cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

pyramidal cells have ____ synapses

A

excitatory (glutamate)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

preferential site of excitatory synapses on a pyramidal cell

A

dendritic spine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

dentritic spines are suggested to be sites of ____ that are selectively modified as a result of ___

A
  • synapses

- learning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

small changes in spine configuration lead to what?

A

electrical properties and in turn synapse efficacy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

some forms of intellectual disability may be associated with poor ___ ___

A

spine development

*autism, fragile X syndrome, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

cortical neuron that tends to have short axons that remain in the cortex and are very diverse

A

nonpyramidal cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

non pyramidal cells mostly make ___ ___ and are principle ___ of the cortex

A
  • inhibitory (GABA) synapses

- interneurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what are the six layers of the neocortex form superficial to deep

A
  • molecular layer
  • external granular layer
  • external pyramidal layer
  • internal granular layer
  • internal pyramidal layer
  • multiform layer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

in what layer of the neocortex can the outer band of bailarger (line of gennari) be found

A

internal granular layer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

in the neocortex, areas that send off long axons have more ____ ____

A

pyramidal cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

in the neocortex, ___ ___ areas project to nearby cortex so there is no need for long axons so fewer pyramidal cells

A

primary sensory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

regarding the neocortex, granular and agranular cortex is ____ ____

A

irregularly distributed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

brodmann characterized 44 areas with ____ ____

A

imprecise boundaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

the neocortex is as tightly correlated with ___ as once thought

A

function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

the total cortical volume is rather ___ , but there is a large variation in ___ ___ sizes among individuals

A
  • constant

- brodmann area

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

name of the person who had severe left prefrontal lobe damage and lived

A

phineas gage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

regarding neocortical regions, the primary sensory areas receive info from ___ ___ ___ ____

A

thalamic sensory relay nuclei

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

regarding neocortical regions, the primary motor areas give rise to much of the ____ ___

A

corticospinal tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

the sensory areas of the cortex have a ____ organization

A

topographical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

the primary somatosensory cortex is located in the ____ ___ in the ___ lobe. it deals with initial processing of _____ and ____ info

A
  • postcentral gyrus
  • parietal
  • tactile
  • proprioceptive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

the inferior parietal lobe of ONE hemisphere (usually ___) is involved with ___ ____

A
  • left

- language comprehension

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

the majority of the parietal lobe deals with what?

A

complex aspects of spatial organization and directing attention

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

the primary visual cotex is located in the banks of the ___ ___ in the ___ lobe

A
  • calcarine sulcus

- occipital lobe

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

the visual association cortex is involved with what?

A

higher order visual processing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what can occur if there is bilateral injury to inferior occipital lobe

A

color blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what can occur if there is bilateral injury to occipital-temporal junction?

A

motion blindness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

the primary auditory cortex is in the ____ ____ ___ on the SUPERIOR SURFACE of the ____ ___ ____

A
  • transverse temporal gyri

- superior temporal gyrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

wernike’s area is on the ____ aspect of one hemisphere (usually ____) and is involved in ____ ____

A
  • posterior
  • left
  • language comprehesion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

the ____ lobe is also involved with HIGHER ORDER visual processing

A

temporal

35
Q

the gustatory cortex is in what two places?

A
  • frontal lobe (operculum)

- insula

36
Q

the vestibular cotex is in what two places?

A
  • superior temporal gyrus

- posterior insula

37
Q

the primary olfactory cortex is ____, NOT _____

A
  • paleocortical

- neocortical

38
Q

name of the cortex that covers the amygdala

A

periamygdaloid cortex

39
Q

broca’s area is found on the ___ ___ ___ in the ____ lobe. it is usually found on the ___ hemisphere and deals with the production of ____ and ___ language

A
  • inferior frontal gyrus
  • frontal
  • left
  • spoken
  • written
40
Q

the majority of the frontal lobe that deals with executive functions (personality, foresight, and insight)

A

prefontal cortex

41
Q

areas that mediate higher mental functions such as language, art, music, etc

A

association areas

42
Q

what are the two types of association areas?

A
  • unimodal

- multimodal

43
Q

type of association cortex that is devoted to elaborating on business of primary area (adjacent to the area)

A

unimodal association area

44
Q

type of association cortex that deals with high level intellectual functions and is inferior to parietal lobule and comprises much of the frontal and temporal lobes

A

multimodal association area

45
Q

hemisphere that produces and comprehends language

A

dominant hemisphere

46
Q

the ____ hemisphere is dominant in most ppl

A

left

*even those who are left handed

47
Q

cortical language areas are located near the ___ ___

A

lateral sulcus

48
Q

the lateral sulcus extends further posteriorly on the ___ hemisphere bc the ___ ___ is larger on the left

A
  • right

- plantum temporale

49
Q

part of the superior temporal gyrus posterior to primary auditory cortex

A

planum temporale

50
Q

broca’s area and wernicke’s area are known as?

A

perisylvian language areas

51
Q

inability to use language, lose the use of, or access to symbols humans use as concepts (i.e. words)

A

aphasia

52
Q

brocas and wernickes areas provide framework for two broad types of aphasia that depend on what?

A

how easily words are produced

*either fluent or nonfluent

53
Q

aphasia that can make few written or spoken words. it is very difficult to produce words. all detail and meaning in sentences is lost. you are still able to comprehend language though

A

nonfluent aphasia

54
Q

nonfluent aphasia deals with damage to ___ area

A

broca’s

55
Q

type of aphasia where the pt can still write and speak, but words used and sequences of words used in sentences is incorrect. there is little linguistic content. they substitute words and make up words

A

fluent aphasia

56
Q

fluent aphasia deals with damage to ___ area

A

wernicke’s

57
Q

done in fluent aphasia where pts substitute one letter or word for another

A

paraphasia

58
Q

done in fluent aphasia where pts make up new words

A

neologisms

59
Q

interconnects brocas area to wernickes (damage to wernickes leaves brocas area unchecked)

A

arcuate fasciculous

60
Q

musical aspects of speech that are formed in the right hemisphere

A

prosody

61
Q

what part of the right hemisphere produces prosody?

A

right inferior frontal gyrus

62
Q

what part of the right hemisphere comprehends prosody?

A

right posterior temporoparietal region

63
Q

what are the three types of unimoda areas in the parietal cortex?

A
  • visual association cortex
  • auditory associaiton areas
  • somatosensory
64
Q

damage to the unimodal areas of the parietal cortex can cause what?

A

specific agnosias (inability to recognize faces or perceive movement)

65
Q

the parietal cortex monitors the relationships of the ___ with the ____ ___

A
  • body

- outside world

66
Q

if there is right parietal lobe damage, what could happen?

A
  • patient has trouble with left side of the body

- patient may deny something is wrong with the limb

67
Q

occurs during right parietal lobe damage in which the patient will ignore the contralateral half of the body to the injured parietal lobe. they may deny something is wrong with the left limb and be convinced that the limb is someone else’s

A

contralateral neglect

68
Q

when there is left parietal lobe damage, what could happen?

A

-apraxis (lack of action)

69
Q

apraxis occurs during ___ parietal lobe injury and is when pts are unable to perform certain ____ such as touching their finger to their nose (they can scratch the itch on their face though)

A
  • left

- actions

70
Q

frontal lobe anterior to primary motor and supplemental motor cortices

A

prefrontal cortex

71
Q

the prefrontal cortex controls activities of other ____ ___ and underlies ____ ____

A
  • cortical areas

- executive functions

72
Q

the prefrontal cortex is interconnected with the _____ ___ of the thalamus

A

dorsomedial nucleus

73
Q

what are the two broad types of the prefrontal cortex

A
  • dorsolateral

- ventromedial

74
Q

broad type of the prefrontal cortex that is involved with working memory “keep in mind”, problems planning, solving problems, and maintaining attention

A

dorsolateral (over the lateral convexity)

75
Q

broad type of the prefrontal cortex that if damaged makes people impulsive to the point where they can’t suppress inappropriate responses/emotions

A

ventromedial (extends to orbitofrontal and anterior cingulate areas)

76
Q

what are the two commisures ?

A
  • corpus callosum

- anterior commissure

77
Q

predominate interconnection between hemispheres

A

corpus callosum

78
Q

interconnects temporal lobes (inferior), and anterior olfactory nuclei

A

anterior commissure

79
Q

regarding the corpus callosum, all parts of the brain receive commissural fibers EXCEPT the ___ area of the somatosensory and motor cortex and parts of the ____ cortex

A
  • hand

- visual

80
Q

disconnection syndromes can result from what?

A

white matter damage

81
Q

disconnection syndromes cause ____ without ___ meaning that the pt can ____ but cannot ____. it is very rare and are mostly caused by ____

A
  • alexia
  • agraphia
  • write
  • read
  • stroke
82
Q

association bundles interconnect areas of ____ ____

A

one hemisphere (no cross)

83
Q

what type of fibers in association bundles are short?

A

U-fibers

84
Q

the ____ fibers of association bundles travel to different lobes

A

long

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions