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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Neuro (03.30) Auditory and Vestibular System > Flashcards

Neuro (03.30) Auditory and Vestibular System Flashcards

1
Q

what is similar between hearing and balance?

A

periperal sensing

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2
Q

two divisions of CN VIII

A
  • cochlear

- vestibular

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3
Q

division of CN VIII dealing with sound

A

cochlear

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4
Q

division of CN VIII dealing with head position and movement

A

vestibular

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5
Q

both divisions of CN VIII innervate highly specialized organs w _____ called ____ ____ that sense different mechanical stimuli

A
  • mechanoreceptors

- hair cells

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6
Q

auditory and vestibular receptors are located in walls of membranous ____ ___ structure. they are embedded in the ____ bone and suspended in the ___ ___

A
  • inner ear
  • temporal
  • bony tube (bony labyrinth)
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7
Q

the cochlea is ___ and extends to an enlargement, _____

A
  • coiled

- vestibule

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8
Q

the three semicircular canals are attached at the ____

A

vestibule

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9
Q

cochlear duct is in the ___

A

cochlea

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10
Q

semicircular duct is found in each ___ ___

A

semicircular canal

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11
Q

what are the two enlargements of the membranous labyrinth

A
  • utricle (semicircular ducts attached)

- saccule (connected to cochlear duct and utricle)

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12
Q

the perilymph fills the ___ ____ and is similar to ____

A
  • bony labyrinth

- CSF

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13
Q

the endolymph fills the ____ ____ and is similar to ___ ____

A
  • membranous labyrinth

- intracelluar fluid

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14
Q

___ ____ in hair cells (and other cells) keep perilymph and endolymph separate establishes voltage and concentration gradients needed for transduction

A

tight juncitons

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15
Q

produced continuously by specialized cells in cochlea and circulates

A

endopymph

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16
Q

endolymph is resorbed in the ____ ____

A

endolymphatic sac

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17
Q

obstruction of flow out endolymph results in swelling of ____ ____

A

membranous labyrinth

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18
Q

transient attacks of vertigo, nausea, hearing loss, tinnitus (ear ringing)

A

meniere’s disease

*cause is unknown and likely multiple

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19
Q

hair cells have specialized microvili on one side that project into ____ and the other side has processes of ___

A
  • endolymph

- CN VIII

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20
Q

hair cell microvilli are known as _____ and are arranged in graduated rows with the _____ toward one side

A
  • sterocilia

- tallest

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21
Q

____ are located near the tallest stereo cilia in semilunar ducts, utricle, and ____

A
  • kinocilium

- saccule

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22
Q

____ hair cells lack kinocilia

A

cochlear

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23
Q

the tips of ____ and tallest stereo cilia are embedded in specialized mass of gelatinous material

A

kinocilium

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24
Q

concerning hair cells, movement of gelatinous mass relative to hair cells causes ____ of stereo cilia and a ____ ____ is transduced

A
  • deflection

- receptor potential

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25
Q

deflection towards tallest stereo cilia ____ hair cells

A

DEpolarizes

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26
Q

deflection away from tallest stereocilia _____ hair cells

A

HYPERpolarizes

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27
Q

deflection of hair cells in ___ ____ has no effect; no receptor potential results

A

perpendicular plane

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28
Q

outer and middle ears convey airborne ____ ____ to fluid-filled inner ear

A

sound vibrations

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29
Q

the ____ moves the perilymph

A

stapes

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30
Q

the fact that the tympanic membrane is 15x the size of the stapes footplate means what?

A

stapes vibrations have more force/unit area

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31
Q

the ____ m pulls the stapes away from the ___ window of the cochlea, stiffening the ossicular chain

A
  • stapedius

- oval

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32
Q

pulling the stapes can block you own voice which can lead to ____ ___ when speaking during spasms

A

clicking sounds

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33
Q

the stapedius is innervated by what?

A

CN VII

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34
Q

the tensor tympani pulls the ____ in toward the middle ear, stiffening the ossicular plane

A

malleus

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35
Q

pulling the tensor tympani blocks ___ sound and can cause spasm causing ____ at low frequency

A
  • chewing

- tinnitus

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36
Q

the tensor tympani is innervated by what?

A

CN V

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37
Q

perilymphatic space in the cochlea that is continuous with the vestibule

A

scala vestibuli

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38
Q

structure of the cochlea that contains endolymph

A

scala media

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39
Q

perilymphatic space in the cochlea that ends blindly at round window

A

scala tympani

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40
Q

spongy bone at core, houses spiral ganglion, cells bodies of primary afferent fibers. its fibers collect to form cochlear division of VIII

A

modiolus

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41
Q

separates the endolymph from the perilymph

A

reissner’s membrane

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42
Q

strip of cells that rests on basilar membrane composed of inner hair cells and outer hair cells

A

organ of corti

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43
Q

group of cells of organ of corti that are not attached to gelatinous tectorial membrane and are stimulated by endolymph movement across the stereocilia

A

INNER hair cells

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44
Q

group of cells of organ of corti that have sterocilia inserted into tectorial membrane and vibrations in basilar membrane causes oscillations in membrane potential of hairs

A

outer hair cells

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45
Q

stapes movement causes a pressure pulse in ___ ___ that leads to a traveling wave of deformation in the ___ ___

A
  • scala vestibuli

- basilar membrane

46
Q

___ properties of basilar membrane differ along its length, so a traveling wave reaches peak amplitude at a location that depends on ____ ____

A
  • mechanical

- stimulus frequency

47
Q

“___ ____” of basilar membrane is the beginning of tonotopic organization of auditory system

A

mechanical tuning

48
Q

particular frequencies are mapped to specific locations of ___ ___ and ____

A
  • relay nuclei

- cortex

49
Q

machine that takes advantage of tonotopic organization of cochlea in which you place electrodes in ROUND window into scala tympani so different electrodes are placed at different points along the basilar membrane to stimulate CN VIII

A

cochlear implant

50
Q

when can you use a cochlear implant

A

when cochlear hair cells are damaged but the VIII endings are still intact

51
Q

CNS auditory processing analyzes what two things?

A
  • sound frequency

- intensity

52
Q

the ____ ___ is the primary ascending auditory pathway in that it carries info from ____ ____

A
  • lateral lemniscus

- both ears

53
Q

the lateral lemniscus mostly consists of fibers from ___ ___ nucleus

A

dorsal cochlear

54
Q

where is the primary auditory cortex located?

A

transverse temporal gyri of Heschl on superior surface of temporal lobe

55
Q

unlike other temporal gyri, the gyri of the primary auditory cortex run ______

A

medioloaterally

56
Q

what important structure is located in the primary auditory cortex?

A

brodmann areas 41 and 42

57
Q

the CNS auditory processing can compare what two things?

A
  • arrival time
  • intensity

*allows you to know that sound in your left ear means that something is on you left side

58
Q

the superior olivary nucleus is important to ____ ____

A

sound localization

59
Q

the superior olivary nucleus receives fibers form ___ ___ ___ and they cross midline through ____ ____

A
  • bilateral cochlear nucleus

- trapezoid body

60
Q

what are the two sub nuclei to the superior olivary nucleus

A
  • medial

- lateral

61
Q

plot of data that measures subject’s threshold hearing for a series of pure tones through earphones (air conduction) and vibration (bone conduction)

A

audiogram

62
Q

process of audiogram that prevents sound from reaching labyrinth

A

conductive hearing loss

63
Q

process of audiogram that may damage hair cells or cochlear nuclei

A

sensorineural hearing loss

64
Q

regarding audiograms, they compare results from testing ___ and ___ conduction

A
  • air

- bone

65
Q

air conduction needs what three things to be intact?

A
  • outer
  • middle
  • inner
66
Q

regarding audiograms, ____ ____ bypasses ear as skull can transmit sound waves to fluids in labyrinth

A

bone conduction

67
Q

normal hearing by bone conduction but not by air suggests a ____ ___ ____

A

conductive hearing loss (middle ear infections)

68
Q

the vestibular division of VIII detects what two things?

A
  • linear acceleration

- angular acceleration

69
Q

the vestibular division of VIII regulates ____ and coordinates ___ and ____ movements

A
  • posture
  • eye
  • head
70
Q

semicircular ducts, urticle, saccule are _____ in bony labyrinth rather than ___ like the cochlear duct

A
  • suspended

- stretched

71
Q

receptors in semicircular ducts detect ___acceleration of the head

A

angular

72
Q

each semicircular duct communicates at BOTH ends with the ____

A

utricle

73
Q

one end of each semicircular duct has an ___ that contains ___

A
  • ampulla

- crista

74
Q

concerning semicircular ducts, transverely oriented ridge with hair cells

A

crista

75
Q

concerning semicircular ducts, sterocilia in gelatinous mass

A

cupula

76
Q

the ____ covers the crista and extends across ____

A
  • cupula

- ampulla

77
Q

all hair cells are aligned so ____ face in the same direction

A

kinocilia

78
Q

concerning semicircular ducts, deflection of ____ in one direction leads to ____ firing in afferent fibers

A
  • cupula

- increased

79
Q

what process leads to rotation of the semicircular duct in an axis perpendicular to it

A

deflection of cupula

80
Q

as rotation of the semicircular duct begins ____ lags behind due to ____ and deflects cupola stimulating hair cells

A
  • endolymph

- inertia

81
Q

if rotation of semicircular ducts is maintained the endolypmh will do what?

A

catch up (will not be detected, no big deal)

82
Q

when rotation of the semicircular ducts stops, the ____ keeps moving

A

endolymph

83
Q

____ and ____ receptors detect linear acceleration of the head

A
  • utricle

- saccule

84
Q

the utricle and saccule each contain a patch called a ____

A

macula

85
Q

the macula of the utricle is ____ when the head is upright

A

horizontal

*sterocilia face up

86
Q

the macula of the saccule is ____ when head is upright

A

vertical

*sterocilia face laterally

87
Q

the utricle detects what types of movement?

A
  • forward-backward

- side-to-side

88
Q

the saccule detects what types of movement?

A
  • forward-backward

- up-down

89
Q

what makes the otolithic membrane denser than endolymph?

A

calcium carbonate crystals (otoliths)

90
Q

what are the four vestibular nuclei inputs?

A
  • inferior
  • medial
  • lateral
  • superior
91
Q

each semicircular duct and macula has its own pattern of termination in the ___ ____

A

vestibular nuclei

92
Q

the vestibular projections include the CEREBELLUM and SPINAL CORD, as well as nuclei of what three CNs

A
  • III
  • IV
  • VI
93
Q

the vestibular nuclei are _____

A

contralateral

94
Q

the vestibular projection of the thalamus to cerebral cortex provides conscious awareness of ____ ___ ___

A

movement in space

95
Q

what are the two contributions of vestibular projections to VISCERAL nuclei?

A
  • adjusting cardiovascular system for lying down-standing up

- seasickness

96
Q

the lateral vestibulospinal tract arises from ____ ___ down ___ ___

A
  • lateral nucleus

- lateral funiculus

97
Q

concerning the vestibulospinal tract, the excitatory projections go _____ to antigravity mm

A

ipsiaterally

98
Q

the lateral vestibulospinal tract mediates ____ changes to accommodate tilts in body

A

postural

99
Q

the medial vestibulospinal tract arises form ___ ___ and extends to ____ ___ via MLF

A
  • medial nucleus

- cervical cord

100
Q

the _____ vestibulospinal tract stabilizes head movement as we walk

A

medial

101
Q

the medial vestibulospinal tract also coordinated ___ and ___ movements

A
  • head

- eye

102
Q

the _____ reflex is the vestibular system working to prevent images from moving on the retina

A

vestibuloocular reflex

103
Q

what is the afferent limb of the vestibuloocular reflex?

A

CN VIII (vestibular division)

104
Q

what are the three efferent limbs of the vestibuloocular reflex

A
  • III
  • IV
  • VI
105
Q

what are the interneuronal connections in the vestibuloocular reflex?

A

vestibular nuclei to MLF to III, IV, VI and reticular formation

106
Q

if the vestibuloocular reflex cannot compensate for head movements, it is interrupted by very rapid eye movements in the opposite direction

A

nystagmus

*if you are on a train watching telephone poles go by

107
Q

____ makes the copula sensitive to gravity

A

alcohol

*see slide 52 for more info on this

108
Q

position sense is mediated by what three system working together to produce sense of orientation and movement

A
  • vestibular
  • propiroceptive
  • visual

*if one of these systems is damaged, the others can compensate for it

109
Q

___ ___ refers to the feeling that you are moving when you look out the window of a stationary train to see another trains moving

A

position sense

110
Q

if vestibular function or somatosensory function is lost, ___ can compensate

A

vision

111
Q

you can test for position sense by asking patient to close their eyes and see if they sway or loose balance. this is known as ____ ____

A

romberg’s sign

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

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