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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Histo (04.10) Circulatory System > Flashcards

Histo (04.10) Circulatory System Flashcards

1
Q

the major function of the circulatory system is to transport why 4 things?

A
  • nutrients
  • oxygen
  • waste products
  • hormones
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2
Q

the left side of the heart pumps for the ____ circuit and receives ____ blood

A
  • systemic

- oxygenated

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3
Q

the right side of the heart pumps for the ___ circuit and receives ___ blood

A
  • pulmonary

- deoxygenated

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4
Q

what 6 things does the heart wall contain

A
  • cardiac muscle
  • fibrous skeleton of the heart
  • intrinsic conduction system
  • coronary vasculature
  • a serous membrane
  • endothelial cells and underlying connective tissue
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5
Q

the fibrous skeleton of the heart contains what three things?

A
  • four fibrous rings surrounding valve orifices
  • two fibrous trigones connecting rings
  • membranous portion of inter ventricular and intertribal septa
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6
Q

what are the three layers of the heart wall?

A
  • epicardium
  • myocardium
  • endocardium
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7
Q

the epicardium is a visceral layer of ____ ___

A

serous pericardium

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8
Q

the myocardium is composed primarily of the ____ ___ and also contains the ___ ___ of the heart

A
  • cardiac muscle

- fibrous skeleton

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9
Q

what are the three components of the endocardium

A
  • endothelial cells (inner layer)
  • dense connective tissue layer
  • subendocardial layer (contains the intrinsic conduction system (inner layer))
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10
Q

what are the two atrioventricular valves that prevent back flow into the atria

A
  • tricuspid valve

- bicuspid valve (mitrial valve)

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11
Q

what are the two semilunar valves that prevent back flow into the ventricles

A
  • aortic semilunar valve

- pulmonary semilunar valve

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12
Q

heart valves enforce one way blood through the heart and open/close in response to ___ ___

A

pressure changes

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13
Q

there are NO valves associated with what three veins into the heart

A
  • venae cavae
  • coronary sinus
  • pulmonary veins

*pressure is low so no worry about backflow

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14
Q

what are the three layers of the heart valves

A
  • spongiosa
  • fibrosa
  • ventricularis
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15
Q

layer of the heart valves that is closest to the atrium

A

spongiosa

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16
Q

layer of the heart valves closest to the ventricle

A

vetricularis

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17
Q

the spongiosa is loose connective tissue covered in _____ and is loosely arranged ____ and ____ fibers infiltrated with _____ that act as shock absorbers

A
  • endothelium
  • collagen
  • elastic
  • proteoglycans
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18
Q

the fibrosa is the ___ of the valve and contains fibrous extensions from the ____ ____ connective tissue of the ____ rings of the heart

A
  • core
  • dense irregular
  • skeletal
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19
Q

the ventricularis is ____ connective tissue with layers of ____ fibers covered in endothelium

A
  • dense

- elastic

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20
Q

the cardiac m of the heart is able to ____ and ____ without impulses from the nervous system. its ability to do so is because of the ___ ___ ____ ____

A
  • depolarize
  • contract
  • intrinsic cardiac conduction system
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21
Q

the intrinsic cardiac conduction system is composed of the 1% NONcontractile cardiac cells called ____ ____ cells as they are self-excitable. they can generate an _____ ____ without nervous system input

A
  • cardiac conducting cells (auto rhythmic)

- action potential

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22
Q

the cardiac conducting cells are organized into ____ and highly specialized conducting fibers/tracts called ____ fibers

A
  • nodes

- purkinje

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23
Q

the cardiac conducting cells are responsible for the initiation and distribution of ____ throughout the heart

A

impulses

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24
Q

the rate of the intrinsic cardiac m contraction set by the pacemaker cells (cardiac conducting cells) is altered by the sympathetic (____ heart beat) and by the parasympathetic (_____ heart beat) divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

A
  • accelerates

- decelerates

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25
Q

____ can also impact intrinsic rate

A

hormones

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26
Q

the sinoatrial node is the ___ of the heart that determines the rate through its ___ ____

A
  • pacemaker (happens bc it reaches the threshold fastest)

- sinus rhythm

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27
Q

what are the 5 steps of the excitation sequence that takes place in collections of auto rhythmic cardiac cells

A
  • sinoatrial node
  • atrioventricular node
  • atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
  • right/left bundle branches
  • purkinje fibers
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28
Q

in reference to the atrioventricular node, impulse travel there via the ____ ___ and impulse is delayed here for ___ to allow for the atria to contract

A
  • internodal pathway (tracts)

- ~0.1s

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29
Q

impulse travels from atrioventricular to the right and left bundle branches; only ___ connection between atria and ventricles; travels across the ____ ____

A
  • electrical

- fibrous skeleton

30
Q

the branches of the atrioventricular bundle course toward the ___ of the heart through ____ ____

A
  • apex

- interventricular septum

31
Q

the purkinje fibers (sub endothelial branches) are the ___ pathway in the inter ventricular septum, and head back toward the ____

A
  • finish

- atria

32
Q

what are the two types of cells in the intrinsic conduction system

A
  • nodal cardiac cells

- purkinje fibers

33
Q

the nodal cardiac cells are found in the ___ and ___ nodes. they are modified ____ m cells. they are ____ than surrounding atrial contractile cells and contain fewer ____ and lack ____ discs

A
  • SA
  • VA
  • cardiac
  • smaller
  • myofibrils
  • intercalated
34
Q

the purkinje fibers are found in what three places

A
  • AV bundle
  • bundle branches
  • subendothelial branches
35
Q

the purkinje fibers are modified ___ m cells and are ___ than surrounding ventricular contractile cardiac cells. they contain ___ at the PERIPHERY of the cell. they also have associated ____ discs

A
  • cardiac
  • larger
  • myofibrils
  • intercalated
36
Q

what are the three layers (tunics) of blood vessels

A
  • tunica interna/intima
  • tunica media
  • tunica externa/adventitia
37
Q

what are the three parts of the tunica interna/intima

A
  • endothelium
  • basal lamina
  • subendothelial layer
38
Q

layer of blood vessels that contains rings of smooth m cells responsible for vasoconstriction and vasodilatation, can also contain sheets or lamellae or laminae elastin

A

tunica media

39
Q

layer of blood vessels that contain vasa vasorum and a nervi vascular is in larger vessels

A

tunica externa/adventitia

40
Q

in arteries the thickest layer is the ___ ___

A

tunica media

41
Q

in veins the thickest layer is the ___ ___

A

tunica externa

42
Q

what are the 4 types of arteries?

A
  • elastic/conducting arteries (large arteries)
  • muscular/distributing arteries (medium arteries)
  • small arteries
  • arterioles
43
Q

large diameter arteries whose walls contain large amounts of elastic fibers. they are helping to propel blood onward which ventricles are relaxing

A

elastic/conducitng fibers

44
Q

medium sized arteries that contain a lot of smooth m. they are important in regulating the blood flow to specific body regions

A

muscular/distributing arteries

45
Q

have as many as 8 layers of smooth m in their tunica media

A

small arteries

46
Q

smallest artery in diameter and have only 1 or 2 layers of smooth m in the tunica media

A

arterioles

47
Q

what is the thickest layer of the elastic or conducting arteries

A

tunica media

48
Q

the tunica adventitia of large arteries is ___

A

thin

49
Q

the thickest layer of the muscular arteries

A

tunica media

50
Q

the tunica adventitia of the muscular artery is relatively ____

A

thick

51
Q

the tunica adventitia of both small arteries and arterioles is ____

A

thin

52
Q

what are the three layers of capillaries

A
  • continuous
  • fenestrated
  • discontinuous
53
Q

continuous capillaries are found in what three places?

A
  • muscle
  • lung
  • central nervous system
54
Q

continuous capillaries are uninterrupted endothelial cell lining with ___ or ____ junctions

A
  • tight

- occluding

55
Q

in continous capillaries you may see ____ ____

A

pinocytotic vessels (pericytes)

56
Q

fenestrated capillaries are found where?

A
  • endocrine glands

- sites of fluid and metabolite absorption

57
Q

the fenestrated capillaries have oval pores called ___

A

fenestrations

58
Q

discontinous capillaries (also called ____ ____) are found in what three places?

A
  • -sinusoidal capillaries
  • liver
  • spleen
  • bone marrow
59
Q

what two characteristics distinguish discontinuous capillaries form all other capillaries?

A
  • larger diameter

- more irregularly shaped

60
Q

the flow of blood from an arteriole through a capillary network to a post capillary venule is called _____

A

microcirculation

61
Q

what three items form a functional unit called the microcirculatory bed or microvascular bed

A
  • arteriole
  • capillary network
  • postcapillary venule
62
Q

what are the two types of vessels in the capillary network?

A
  • true capillaries

- arteriovenous (AV) anastomoses or shunts

63
Q

the more the pre capillary sphincters relax (and the smooth m of the AV shunt _____) the more blood will pass through the ____ ____ in the _____ ____

A
  • CONTRACT
  • true capillaries
  • capillary beds
64
Q

the more the pre capillary sphincters contract ( and the smooth m of the AV shunt _____) the more blood will pass through the ____ ___ and ___ the true capillaries

A
  • relax
  • ateriovenous anastomoses
  • bypass
65
Q

what are the 4 types of veins

A
  • venule
  • small vein
  • medium veins
  • large veins
66
Q

smallest type of veins

A

venules

67
Q

what are the two types of venues?

A
  • postcapillary venules

- muscular venules

68
Q

type of venule that has no tunica media and no adventitia. they have endothelial cells with basal lamina and pericytes

A

postcapillary venule

69
Q

type of venule that possess a tunica media with one or two layers of smooth m and a thin tunica adventitia and there are typically no pericytes

A

muscular venule

70
Q

type of vein that receive blood from muscular venules

A

small veins

71
Q

most veins in LIMBS have _____ which prevent ___ of blood

A

valves

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

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