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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Neuro (04.01) Olfactory & Visual Systems > Flashcards

Neuro (04.01) Olfactory & Visual Systems Flashcards

1
Q

olfaction is the senses of ___ and ___ via chemical sensation

A
  • taste

- smell

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2
Q

olfaction detects ____ ____ (odorants) drawn into the nasal cavity

A

volatile chemicals

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3
Q

how many odors can humans detect?

A

10,000

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4
Q

the olfactory epithelium is the ____ origin of the olfactory system and is a patch in the roof of the ___ ___ and is ____

A
  • peripheral
  • nasal cavity
  • bilateral
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5
Q

an olfactory receptor is a ____ neuron

A

bipolar

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6
Q

what is the life span of olfactory receptors?

A

1-2 months

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7
Q

concerning olfactory receptors, the dendrite ends in ____ ____, from which 10-30 ____ spread over the surface in a layer of mucus secreted by ____ glands

A
  • olfactory vesicle
  • cilia
  • bowman’s
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8
Q

the olfactory receptors stimulate _____ cilia

A

chemosensitive cilia

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9
Q

axons from the olfactory receptors are among the ___ and ____

A
  • thinnest

- slowest

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10
Q

the axons from olfactory receptors collect into a series of bundles called ____ ____ that pass through holes in the ____ ___ of the ethmoid bone

A
  • olfactory fila

- cribiform plate

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11
Q

olfactory receptors end in the _____ ____

A

olfactory bulb

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12
Q

olfactory fill make up ____ ____

A

CN I

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13
Q

the olfactory bulb develops as an outgrowth of the _____

A

telencephalon

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14
Q

the olfactory bulb reaches the ____ hemisphere with ___ ___ in thalamus

A
  • ipsilateral

- no relay

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15
Q

what re the two interneurons of the olfactory bulb?

A
  • tufted cells (T)

- granule cells (G)

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16
Q

concerning mitral cells, axons collect join ___ ___ and the dendrites form ____

A
  • olfactory tract

- glomeruli

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17
Q

olfactory fibers are sorted in the ___

A

bulb

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18
Q

each type of olfactory receptor sends an an axon to one ____ of a ____ ___ even though these cells are intermingled in the ____ ____

A
  • glomerulus
  • mitral cell
  • olfactory epithelium
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19
Q

the olfactory fibers project to both bulbs by crossing in the ____ ____

A

anterior commisure

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20
Q

what are the two general areas that olfactory bulbs project?

A
  • primary olfactory cortex

- amygdala

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21
Q

olfactory information is sent to what 5 places?

A
  • hypothalamus
  • thalamus
  • hippocampus
  • orbital cortex
  • amygdala
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22
Q

direct projections of olfactory information are sent via ____ ___ ___

A

olfactory association cortex

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23
Q

the olfactory association cortex consists of what?

A
  • orbital surface of frontal lobe

- anterior insula

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24
Q

what two things focus the image on retina?

A
  • cornea

- lens

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25
Q

how much of the eye’s refractive power does the lens account for?

A

1/3

*major role in addicting focus for near/far objects

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26
Q

most refraction takes place at ___-___ interface at ___ surface

A
  • air-water

- corneal surface

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27
Q

affects the brightness and quality of image focused on retina

A

iris

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28
Q

two mm in IRIS that control pupil size

A
  • pupillary sphincter

- pupillary dialator

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29
Q

which m in the iris is the strongest?

A

pupillary sphincter

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30
Q

a ___ pupil improves ocular performace

A

smaller

*like small aperture size improves camera lens performance

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31
Q

the retina is composed of ____

A

photo receptors

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32
Q

the retinal structure consists of 2 interdeposed layer. what do both do?

A
  • one cell type brings visual info in the other sends it out

- another type interconnects laterally

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33
Q

the ____ segment of rods and cones contains visual proteins

A

outer segment

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34
Q

type of photoreceptor used in the low-acuity, monochromatic vision in dim-light

A

rods (rhodopsin)

35
Q

typer of photoreceptor used in high-acuity, color vision, and needs a lot of light

A

cones (cone pigments)

36
Q

the ____ absorbed by rods and cones are what cause the receptor potential

A

photons

37
Q

concerning rods and cones, visual pigment is synthesized and transported up the ___ ___ and incorporated into ___ ___

A
  • ciliary stalk

- disc membranes

38
Q

concerning rods and cones, older disks at the end are phagocytosed by ____ ___

A

pigment epithelium

39
Q

defects of rods and cones cause some types of ___ ___

A

retinal degeneration

40
Q

where nerve fiber layer converges and forms the optic nerve

A

optic disc

41
Q

the ____ ___ of the brain fills in the blind spot formed by out ___ ___

A
  • blind spot

- optic disc

42
Q

center of the macula

A

fovea

43
Q

the center of the fovea contains elongated ___ and no ___

A
  • cones

- rods

44
Q

the fovea is directly in line with the ___ ___

A

visual axis

45
Q

where is visual information sent in the thalamus?

A

lateral geniculate nucleus

46
Q

the lateral geniculate nucleus projects to what?

A

primary visual cortex

47
Q

fibers representing inferior visual fields are most ___ in radiations and vice versa

A

superior

48
Q

optic radiation behind lenticular nucleus that represents the SUPERIOR visual field

A

retrolenticular

49
Q

optic radiation beneath the lenticular nucleus that represents the INFERIOR visual field

A

sublenticular

50
Q

the ability of depth perception is accomplished by comparing areas of the ____ which is done by the ____

A
  • retina

- chiasm

51
Q

regarding lateral geniculate nucleus structure, numbers ___, ___, and ____ represent the CONTRALATERAL EYE

A

1
4
6

52
Q

regarding lateral geniculate nucleus structure, numbers ___, ___, and ____ represent the IPSILATERAL EYE

A

2
3
5

53
Q

regarding lateral geniculate nucleus structure, numbers 3-6 are _____ layers and deal with ___ and ___

A
  • parvocelluar layers
  • color
  • form
54
Q

regarding lateral geniculate nucleus structure, numbers 1-2 are ____ layers and deal with ___ and ____

A
  • magnocellular layers
  • movement
  • contrast
55
Q

famous doctor who described retinotopic organization of primary visual cortex

A

Dr. Tatsuji

56
Q

optic radiations end retinotopically in the ____ ___ both above and below the ___ ___

A
  • occipital cortex

- calcarine sulcus

57
Q

___ visual fields are located ABOVE the calcimine sulcus

A

inferior

58
Q

____ visual fields are located BELOW the calcarine sulcus

A

superior

59
Q

thin stripe of myelin in primary visual cortex

A

line of gennari

60
Q

___ ___ parallels calcarine sulcus and extends a bit to POSTERIOR suface

A

striate cortex

61
Q

denotes loss of one or more quadrants of visual field

A

anopia (anopsia)

62
Q

loss of half a visual field

A

hemianopia

63
Q

loss of one quarter of a visual field

A

quadrantoanopia

64
Q

same visual field lost in each eye

A

homonymous

65
Q

tow eyes have non-overlapping visual field loss

A

heteronymous

66
Q

type of herteronymous that is identical

A

congruous

67
Q

type of heteronymous that is overlapping but not the same

A

noncongruous

68
Q

damage anterior to chasm only affects the ____ eye

A

ipsilateral

69
Q

damage at chiasm causes ___ ____

A

heteronymous deficits

70
Q

damage to optic tract cause ____ ___

A

homonymous deficits

71
Q

temporal lobe lesions can interrupt ___ ___ which represents inferior retinal quadrants

A

meyer’s loop

72
Q

posterior cerebral artery infarction often results in deficit with sparing of ____

A

macula

73
Q

regarding the pupillary light reflex, how would a lesion in the optic nerve affect the reflex?

A

both eyes with not constrict

74
Q

regarding the pupillary light reflex, how would a lesion in the optic radiations affect the reflex?

A

it wouldn’t (it is a reflex so the light does not go that far posterior)

75
Q

regarding the pupillary light reflex, how would a lesion in the visual cortex affect the reflex

A

nothing ( the reflex does not reach the cortex)

76
Q

what are the 3 supplemental destinations of visual information?

A
  • superior colliculi
  • hypothalamus
  • suprachiamatic nucleus (circadian rhythm)
77
Q

responsible for breaking down visual info into component parts such as orientation, color, depth, motion, brightness

A

primary visual cortex

78
Q

the primary visual cortex distributes visual info to specialized parts of ___ cortex

A

extrastriate

79
Q

the visual cortex has a ___ organization

A

columnar

80
Q

the ___ ___ has an array of repeated, modular collections of neurons arranged in columns

A

striate cortex

81
Q

modules in foveal part analyze small areas of visual field, so fovea has many more modules and therefore ___ ___

A

better resolution

82
Q

the ___ stream contains parvocellular layers (color)

A

ventral

83
Q

the ___ stream contains magnocellular layers (location, movement

A

dorsal

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

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