Neuro (03.23) Reticular Formation & Cerebellum Flashcards
the reticular formation extends into the ____ as the ____
- cerebrum
- hypothalamus
the reticular formation is important in the regulation of what 6 things?
- posture
- sterotypic motor behaviors
- internal environment
- pain regulation
- sleep and wake cycles
- emotional tone
from most medial to lateral, what are the three zones of the reticular formation?
- raphe (median)
- paramedian (medial)
- lateral
the _____zone of the reticular formation spans the entire brainstem
lateral
the medial zone of reticular formation that is a mixture of small and large neurons and is the source of most _____ and
______ projections
- ascending
- descending
the lateral zone of reticular formation is prominent in the ROSTRAL ____ and CAUDAL ____, and is primarily involved in ______ ____ ____ and ____ funcitons
- medulla
- pons
- cranial nerve reflexes
- visceral
during sleep paralysis, the ____ “wakes up” but the ____ do not which keeps the mm flaccid
*see weird demon creatures
- cerebrum
- pons
what two tracts deal with sleep paralysis?
- medial reticulospinal tract
- lateral reticulospinal tract
the reticular formation is a major alternative to the _____ tract in regulating spinal motor neurons
corticospinal tract
as evidence with ppl with sleep paralysis, the reticular formation influences the ____ ___ ____ DIRECTLY
spinal motor neurons
what four things are involved with the rhythmic motor patterns of the reticular formation?
- gaze centers
- mastication
- locomotion
- medulla “vital center”
what three things compose the medulla “vital center”?
- heart rate
- respiration
- swallowing, vomiting
during bruxism, all mm are in a state of ____
atonia
in bruxism, the jaw mm are ____ ____
co-contracted
both jaw opening and closing mm are contracted at the same time
theory of bruxism that states that malocclusion is the cause and that in sleep the mm are trying to reach ideal occlusion
peripheral causes theory
theory of bruxism that states that sleep-related dysfunctions are the cause
central causes theory
the reticular formation is phylogenetically ___ and is the central core of the ____
- ancient
- brainstem
concerning reticular formation, the ____ _____ is central to one well described pain suppress system
periaqueductal gray
concerning reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray receives pain info from the _____ tract
spinomesencephalic
also from hypothalamus and cortex
concerning reticular formation, after pain info is received by the periaqueductal gray is then goes to the ____ nucleus then to the posterior horn of the spinal cord to the ____ ____ nucleus
- raphe
- spinal V
one way that OPIATES work to control pain is to activate ____ - ____ at MULTIPLE levels
-PAG-raphe
rap he can inhibit ______ ____ directly by inhibiting___ ____ or indirectly by activating _____ that inhibit the tract
- spinotrigeminal tract
- pain afferents
- interneuons
concerning reticular formation, centers controlling inspiration, expiration, and rhythm of breathing occur where?
pons and medulla
concerning reticular formation, centers for controlling heart rate and blood pressure occur in the ____
medulla
concerning reticular formation role in arousal and consciousness, the reticular formation projects to thalamic ____ ____ which project diffusely to _____
- intralaminar nuclei
- cortex
concerning reticular formation, heightened arousal occurs by ____ ____ or tasks that ____ ____
- sensory stimuli
- demand attention
concerning reticular formation, bilateral damage to midbrain reticular formation results in ____ ____
prolonged coma
the role that the reticular formation has in arousal and consciousness is known as the ___ ___ ___ ___
ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)
in addition to arousal and consciousness, the ARAS also has a role in ___ _____ ____
sleep-wakefullness cycles
what three neurotransmitters are neurochemical signatures of nuclei with diffuse projections in the brainstem?
- norepinephrine
- dopamine
- serotonin
what neurotransmitters are neurochemical signatures of nuclei with diffuse projections in the hypothalamus
histamine containing neurons
what neurotransmitters are neurochemical signatures of nuclei with diffuse projections in the telencephalon
acetylcholine
what two places are noradrenergic neurons (norepi) located?
- medulla
- rostral pons
what nuclei is located in the rostral pons that deals with noradrenergic neurons?
locus ceruleus
what is the pathway through which the poradrenergic neurons get into the cortex?
medial forebrain bundle
the noradrenergic projections are most heavily going to the _____ cortex
somatosensory
locus ceruleus neurons respond to ___ ____ ___
novel environmental stimuli
stimulation of locus ceruleus neurons produces what two things?
- increased state of arousal
- feeling of anticipation
norepinephrine released in the cortex facilitates attention to selected ____
stimuli
norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord _____ incoming pain signals
suppresses
decreased levels of norepinephrine lead to what?
clinical depression
*locus ceruleus neuron activity reduced
increased levels of norepinephrine lead to what?
panic disorder
dopaminergic (dopamine) neurons are found in what two places?
- substantia nigra (putamen & caudate)
- ventral segmental area (limbic system)
the dopaminergic projections located in the substantia nigra activate the ___ and ___ and are associated with _____ disease
- putamen
- caudate
- parkinson’s
the dopaminergic projections located in the ventral tegmental area activate the ____ ___ and are associated with _____ fibers and _____ fibers
- limbic system
- mesocortical fibers (frontal cortex)
- mesolimbic fibers (limbic system)
dopaminergic projections are not as _____ and tend to deal more with the ____ lobe and blanket the ____
- disperse
- frontal
- caudate
concerning dopamine in the ventral tegmental area, the mesolimbic tract goes to the ____ ___ and is the sense of ____
- limbic system
- reward (or well being)
concernign dopamine in the ventral tegmental area, the mesocortical tract goes to the ___ ____ and organizes and initiates ____
- frontal cortex
- behavior
schizophrenia is a disease dealing with ___ in the ___ ___ area that is associated with _____ ____ (frontal lobe) and ____ (limbic system)
- dopamine
- ventral segmental area
- disorganized thinking (frontal lobe)
- hallucinations (limbic system)
SOCIAL WITHDRAWL is a component of schizophrenia that is marked by ____ levels of dopamine in the ____ ____
- low
- prefrontal cortex
HALLUCINATIONS is a component of schizophrenia that is marked by ___ levels of dopamine in the ____ ____
- high
- limbic system
drugs that ____ the level of dopamine are effective in REDUCING hallucinations
lower
serotonergic (serotonin) neurons are located where?
pretty much all brainstem levels in raphe
concerning serotonergic neurons, the MIDBRAIN rap he nuclei goes where?
all regions of the cortex
concerning serotonergic neurons, the MEDULLARY rap he nuclei goes where?
spinal cord (pain suppression)
inhibitors that relate serotonin to clinical depression
selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)
serotonergic projections are very extensive and profuse, especially to ___ and ___ areas
- sensory
- limbic
____ levels of serotonin cause binge eating, high carb consumption, carb preference in obese women
low
____ levels of serotonin cause compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa
high
drugs that increase the level of serotonin are used to treat what two things?
- depression
- anxiety
cholinergic (acetylcholine) neurons can be found in what three places?
- dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
- basal nucleus (of Meynert)
- basal forebrain
cholinergic neurons are involved with what major disease?
alzheimer’s
concerning the cerebellum, the ___ matter is on the surface and the ____ matter is inside
- gray
- white
what are the three functions of the cerebellum?
- regulates equilibrium
- controls muscle tone and posture
- provides motor coordination for voluntary movements (near future and during execution)
midline of the cerebellum
vermis
tuft of cerebellar cortex on the superior surface of the cerebellum
flocculus
folds in the cerebellum
folia
concerning the cerebellum, divides the anterior lobe from the posterior lobe
primary fissure
concerning the cerebellum, separates flocculonodular lobe from body of cerebellum
posterolateral fissure
the cerebellar peduncles attach the cerebellum to the _____
brainstem
the inferior cerebellar peduncle (___ ____) has inputs from the ___ __ and ____ and monitors muscle and limb ____
- restiform body
- spinal cord
- brainstem
- movement
interconnects the vestibular nuclei and cerebellum
juxtarestiform body
the middle cerebellar peduncle (___ ___) is the ___ of the three peduncles, it is LATERAL to the ____ and contains _____ from CONTRALATERAL basis pontis, it is used to relay ___ ____ from cortex
- brachium pontis
- largest
- pons
- afferents
- motor signals
the superior cerebellar peduncle (____ ____) contains ____ to red nucleus and thalamus
- brachium conjunctivum
- efferents
from medial to lateral, what are the four deep cerebellar nuclei?
- fastigal
- globose & emboliform
- dentate (biggest)
concerning the cerebellar circuitry, the inputs come from the ____ and ____ cerebellar peduncles and the only output comes from the ____ cerebellar peduncle
- inferior
- middle
- superior
from superficial to deep, what are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?
- molecular layer
- purkinje cell layer
- granule layer (most numerous cells in body)
what are the ONLY axons that leave the cerebellar cortex?
purkinje cell axons
what are the two ways to get into the cerebellar cortex?
- climbing fibers
- mossy fibers
where do the climbing fibers come from?
inferior olivary nucleus
where do the mossy fibers come from?
everywhere except the inferior olivary nucleus
____ fibers in the cerebellar cortex connect granule cells to one another
parallel
climbing fibers regulate ___ ___ ___ and is the ____ climbing fiber on a purkinje cell
- purkinje cell firing
- ONLY
mossy and climbing fibers send collaterals to ___ ___ before axon enters the cortex
deep nuclei
purkinje cell axons end in ___ ____
deep nuclei
from medial to lateral, what are the three zones of the cerebellum
- vestibulocerebellum
- spinocerebellum
- pontocerebellum
what is the nucleus of the vestibulocerebellum?
fastigial nucleus (output)
what is the nucleus of the spinocerebellum?
interposed nucleus (output)
what is the nucleus of the pontocerebellum?
dentate nucleus
what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?
- control movement of the eye in response to head movements
- balance
*most ancient part
what is the function of the spinocerebellum?
coordination of trunk and limb movements
what are the two inputs of the vestibulocerebellum?
- vestibular end organ
- vestibular nuclei
what are the two inputs of the spinocerebellum?
- spinal cord
- brainstem
what is the input of the pontocerebellum?
motor cortex
what is the function of the pontocerebellum?
- planning the timing of movements especially those of the upper extremity
- coordination of speech
what is the summary of function of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellar zones?
planning learned, skillful movements, those that become more precise and rapid with practice
what is the summary of function of the medial hemispheres of the cerebellar zones?
adjusting limb movements
what is the summary of function of the vermis of the cerebellar zones?
postural adjustments
what are the four types of injury to the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellar zones?
- intention tremor
- dysdiadochokinesia
- dysmetria
- dysarthia
lateral hemisphere of cerebellar zone injury that consists of rapid alternating movements
dysdiadochokinesia
lateral hemisphere of cerebellar zone injury that consists of finger-to-nose test
dysmetria
lateral hemisphere of cerebellar zone injury that consists of scanning or explosive speech
dysarthia
one cerebral hemisphere controls ____ mm
contralateral
on half of cerebellum influences ___ limbs
ipsilateral
cerebellum projects to ____ thalamus
contralateral
