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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Neuro (03.23) Reticular Formation & Cerebellum > Flashcards

Neuro (03.23) Reticular Formation & Cerebellum Flashcards

1
Q

the reticular formation extends into the ____ as the ____

A
  • cerebrum

- hypothalamus

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2
Q

the reticular formation is important in the regulation of what 6 things?

A
  • posture
  • sterotypic motor behaviors
  • internal environment
  • pain regulation
  • sleep and wake cycles
  • emotional tone
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3
Q

from most medial to lateral, what are the three zones of the reticular formation?

A
  • raphe (median)
  • paramedian (medial)
  • lateral
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4
Q

the _____zone of the reticular formation spans the entire brainstem

A

lateral

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5
Q

the medial zone of reticular formation that is a mixture of small and large neurons and is the source of most _____ and
______ projections

A
  • ascending

- descending

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6
Q

the lateral zone of reticular formation is prominent in the ROSTRAL ____ and CAUDAL ____, and is primarily involved in ______ ____ ____ and ____ funcitons

A
  • medulla
  • pons
  • cranial nerve reflexes
  • visceral
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7
Q

during sleep paralysis, the ____ “wakes up” but the ____ do not which keeps the mm flaccid

*see weird demon creatures

A
  • cerebrum

- pons

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8
Q

what two tracts deal with sleep paralysis?

A
  • medial reticulospinal tract

- lateral reticulospinal tract

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9
Q

the reticular formation is a major alternative to the _____ tract in regulating spinal motor neurons

A

corticospinal tract

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10
Q

as evidence with ppl with sleep paralysis, the reticular formation influences the ____ ___ ____ DIRECTLY

A

spinal motor neurons

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11
Q

what four things are involved with the rhythmic motor patterns of the reticular formation?

A
  • gaze centers
  • mastication
  • locomotion
  • medulla “vital center”
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12
Q

what three things compose the medulla “vital center”?

A
  • heart rate
  • respiration
  • swallowing, vomiting
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13
Q

during bruxism, all mm are in a state of ____

A

atonia

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14
Q

in bruxism, the jaw mm are ____ ____

A

co-contracted

both jaw opening and closing mm are contracted at the same time

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15
Q

theory of bruxism that states that malocclusion is the cause and that in sleep the mm are trying to reach ideal occlusion

A

peripheral causes theory

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16
Q

theory of bruxism that states that sleep-related dysfunctions are the cause

A

central causes theory

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17
Q

the reticular formation is phylogenetically ___ and is the central core of the ____

A
  • ancient

- brainstem

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18
Q

concerning reticular formation, the ____ _____ is central to one well described pain suppress system

A

periaqueductal gray

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19
Q

concerning reticular formation, the periaqueductal gray receives pain info from the _____ tract

A

spinomesencephalic

also from hypothalamus and cortex

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20
Q

concerning reticular formation, after pain info is received by the periaqueductal gray is then goes to the ____ nucleus then to the posterior horn of the spinal cord to the ____ ____ nucleus

A
  • raphe

- spinal V

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21
Q

one way that OPIATES work to control pain is to activate ____ - ____ at MULTIPLE levels

A

-PAG-raphe

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22
Q

rap he can inhibit ______ ____ directly by inhibiting___ ____ or indirectly by activating _____ that inhibit the tract

A
  • spinotrigeminal tract
  • pain afferents
  • interneuons
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23
Q

concerning reticular formation, centers controlling inspiration, expiration, and rhythm of breathing occur where?

A

pons and medulla

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24
Q

concerning reticular formation, centers for controlling heart rate and blood pressure occur in the ____

A

medulla

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25
Q

concerning reticular formation role in arousal and consciousness, the reticular formation projects to thalamic ____ ____ which project diffusely to _____

A
  • intralaminar nuclei

- cortex

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26
Q

concerning reticular formation, heightened arousal occurs by ____ ____ or tasks that ____ ____

A
  • sensory stimuli

- demand attention

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27
Q

concerning reticular formation, bilateral damage to midbrain reticular formation results in ____ ____

A

prolonged coma

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28
Q

the role that the reticular formation has in arousal and consciousness is known as the ___ ___ ___ ___

A

ascending reticular activating system (ARAS)

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29
Q

in addition to arousal and consciousness, the ARAS also has a role in ___ _____ ____

A

sleep-wakefullness cycles

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30
Q

what three neurotransmitters are neurochemical signatures of nuclei with diffuse projections in the brainstem?

A
  • norepinephrine
  • dopamine
  • serotonin
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31
Q

what neurotransmitters are neurochemical signatures of nuclei with diffuse projections in the hypothalamus

A

histamine containing neurons

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32
Q

what neurotransmitters are neurochemical signatures of nuclei with diffuse projections in the telencephalon

A

acetylcholine

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33
Q

what two places are noradrenergic neurons (norepi) located?

A
  • medulla

- rostral pons

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34
Q

what nuclei is located in the rostral pons that deals with noradrenergic neurons?

A

locus ceruleus

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35
Q

what is the pathway through which the poradrenergic neurons get into the cortex?

A

medial forebrain bundle

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36
Q

the noradrenergic projections are most heavily going to the _____ cortex

A

somatosensory

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37
Q

locus ceruleus neurons respond to ___ ____ ___

A

novel environmental stimuli

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38
Q

stimulation of locus ceruleus neurons produces what two things?

A
  • increased state of arousal

- feeling of anticipation

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39
Q

norepinephrine released in the cortex facilitates attention to selected ____

A

stimuli

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40
Q

norepinephrine released in the trigeminal spinal nucleus and spinal cord _____ incoming pain signals

A

suppresses

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41
Q

decreased levels of norepinephrine lead to what?

A

clinical depression

*locus ceruleus neuron activity reduced

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42
Q

increased levels of norepinephrine lead to what?

A

panic disorder

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43
Q

dopaminergic (dopamine) neurons are found in what two places?

A
  • substantia nigra (putamen & caudate)

- ventral segmental area (limbic system)

44
Q

the dopaminergic projections located in the substantia nigra activate the ___ and ___ and are associated with _____ disease

A
  • putamen
  • caudate
  • parkinson’s
45
Q

the dopaminergic projections located in the ventral tegmental area activate the ____ ___ and are associated with _____ fibers and _____ fibers

A
  • limbic system
  • mesocortical fibers (frontal cortex)
  • mesolimbic fibers (limbic system)
46
Q

dopaminergic projections are not as _____ and tend to deal more with the ____ lobe and blanket the ____

A
  • disperse
  • frontal
  • caudate
47
Q

concerning dopamine in the ventral tegmental area, the mesolimbic tract goes to the ____ ___ and is the sense of ____

A
  • limbic system

- reward (or well being)

48
Q

concernign dopamine in the ventral tegmental area, the mesocortical tract goes to the ___ ____ and organizes and initiates ____

A
  • frontal cortex

- behavior

49
Q

schizophrenia is a disease dealing with ___ in the ___ ___ area that is associated with _____ ____ (frontal lobe) and ____ (limbic system)

A
  • dopamine
  • ventral segmental area
  • disorganized thinking (frontal lobe)
  • hallucinations (limbic system)
50
Q

SOCIAL WITHDRAWL is a component of schizophrenia that is marked by ____ levels of dopamine in the ____ ____

A
  • low

- prefrontal cortex

51
Q

HALLUCINATIONS is a component of schizophrenia that is marked by ___ levels of dopamine in the ____ ____

A
  • high

- limbic system

52
Q

drugs that ____ the level of dopamine are effective in REDUCING hallucinations

A

lower

53
Q

serotonergic (serotonin) neurons are located where?

A

pretty much all brainstem levels in raphe

54
Q

concerning serotonergic neurons, the MIDBRAIN rap he nuclei goes where?

A

all regions of the cortex

55
Q

concerning serotonergic neurons, the MEDULLARY rap he nuclei goes where?

A

spinal cord (pain suppression)

56
Q

inhibitors that relate serotonin to clinical depression

A

selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI)

57
Q

serotonergic projections are very extensive and profuse, especially to ___ and ___ areas

A
  • sensory

- limbic

58
Q

____ levels of serotonin cause binge eating, high carb consumption, carb preference in obese women

A

low

59
Q

____ levels of serotonin cause compulsive behavior and anorexia nervosa

A

high

60
Q

drugs that increase the level of serotonin are used to treat what two things?

A
  • depression

- anxiety

61
Q

cholinergic (acetylcholine) neurons can be found in what three places?

A
  • dorsolateral pontine tegmentum
  • basal nucleus (of Meynert)
  • basal forebrain
62
Q

cholinergic neurons are involved with what major disease?

A

alzheimer’s

63
Q

concerning the cerebellum, the ___ matter is on the surface and the ____ matter is inside

A
  • gray

- white

64
Q

what are the three functions of the cerebellum?

A
  • regulates equilibrium
  • controls muscle tone and posture
  • provides motor coordination for voluntary movements (near future and during execution)
65
Q

midline of the cerebellum

A

vermis

66
Q

tuft of cerebellar cortex on the superior surface of the cerebellum

A

flocculus

67
Q

folds in the cerebellum

A

folia

68
Q

concerning the cerebellum, divides the anterior lobe from the posterior lobe

A

primary fissure

69
Q

concerning the cerebellum, separates flocculonodular lobe from body of cerebellum

A

posterolateral fissure

70
Q

the cerebellar peduncles attach the cerebellum to the _____

A

brainstem

71
Q

the inferior cerebellar peduncle (___ ____) has inputs from the ___ __ and ____ and monitors muscle and limb ____

A
  • restiform body
  • spinal cord
  • brainstem
  • movement
72
Q

interconnects the vestibular nuclei and cerebellum

A

juxtarestiform body

73
Q

the middle cerebellar peduncle (___ ___) is the ___ of the three peduncles, it is LATERAL to the ____ and contains _____ from CONTRALATERAL basis pontis, it is used to relay ___ ____ from cortex

A
  • brachium pontis
  • largest
  • pons
  • afferents
  • motor signals
74
Q

the superior cerebellar peduncle (____ ____) contains ____ to red nucleus and thalamus

A
  • brachium conjunctivum

- efferents

75
Q

from medial to lateral, what are the four deep cerebellar nuclei?

A
  • fastigal
  • globose & emboliform
  • dentate (biggest)
76
Q

concerning the cerebellar circuitry, the inputs come from the ____ and ____ cerebellar peduncles and the only output comes from the ____ cerebellar peduncle

A
  • inferior
  • middle
  • superior
77
Q

from superficial to deep, what are the three layers of the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • molecular layer
  • purkinje cell layer
  • granule layer (most numerous cells in body)
78
Q

what are the ONLY axons that leave the cerebellar cortex?

A

purkinje cell axons

79
Q

what are the two ways to get into the cerebellar cortex?

A
  • climbing fibers

- mossy fibers

80
Q

where do the climbing fibers come from?

A

inferior olivary nucleus

81
Q

where do the mossy fibers come from?

A

everywhere except the inferior olivary nucleus

82
Q

____ fibers in the cerebellar cortex connect granule cells to one another

A

parallel

83
Q

climbing fibers regulate ___ ___ ___ and is the ____ climbing fiber on a purkinje cell

A
  • purkinje cell firing

- ONLY

84
Q

mossy and climbing fibers send collaterals to ___ ___ before axon enters the cortex

A

deep nuclei

85
Q

purkinje cell axons end in ___ ____

A

deep nuclei

86
Q

from medial to lateral, what are the three zones of the cerebellum

A
  • vestibulocerebellum
  • spinocerebellum
  • pontocerebellum
87
Q

what is the nucleus of the vestibulocerebellum?

A

fastigial nucleus (output)

88
Q

what is the nucleus of the spinocerebellum?

A

interposed nucleus (output)

89
Q

what is the nucleus of the pontocerebellum?

A

dentate nucleus

90
Q

what is the function of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • control movement of the eye in response to head movements
  • balance

*most ancient part

91
Q

what is the function of the spinocerebellum?

A

coordination of trunk and limb movements

92
Q

what are the two inputs of the vestibulocerebellum?

A
  • vestibular end organ

- vestibular nuclei

93
Q

what are the two inputs of the spinocerebellum?

A
  • spinal cord

- brainstem

94
Q

what is the input of the pontocerebellum?

A

motor cortex

95
Q

what is the function of the pontocerebellum?

A
  • planning the timing of movements especially those of the upper extremity
  • coordination of speech
96
Q

what is the summary of function of the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellar zones?

A

planning learned, skillful movements, those that become more precise and rapid with practice

97
Q

what is the summary of function of the medial hemispheres of the cerebellar zones?

A

adjusting limb movements

98
Q

what is the summary of function of the vermis of the cerebellar zones?

A

postural adjustments

99
Q

what are the four types of injury to the lateral hemispheres of the cerebellar zones?

A
  • intention tremor
  • dysdiadochokinesia
  • dysmetria
  • dysarthia
100
Q

lateral hemisphere of cerebellar zone injury that consists of rapid alternating movements

A

dysdiadochokinesia

101
Q

lateral hemisphere of cerebellar zone injury that consists of finger-to-nose test

A

dysmetria

102
Q

lateral hemisphere of cerebellar zone injury that consists of scanning or explosive speech

A

dysarthia

103
Q

one cerebral hemisphere controls ____ mm

A

contralateral

104
Q

on half of cerebellum influences ___ limbs

A

ipsilateral

105
Q

cerebellum projects to ____ thalamus

A

contralateral

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

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