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Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) > Neuro (03.25) Forebrain Anatomy & Limbic System > Flashcards

Neuro (03.25) Forebrain Anatomy & Limbic System Flashcards

1
Q

what 4 things make up the diencephalon?

A
  • epithalamus
  • thalamus
  • hypothalamus
  • subthalamus
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2
Q

the pineal gland is part of the _____ and secretes ____ which is secreted during darkness and used to regulate ____-____ ____

A
  • epithalamus
  • melatonin
  • sleep-wake cycles
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3
Q

paired structure near the base of the pineal gland

A

habenula

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4
Q

what are the two major inputs of the habenula?

A
  • stria medullaris

- limbic input

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5
Q

what is the output of the habenula?

A

habenulointerpeduncular tract

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6
Q

the thalamus is the relay center for all senses except what?

A

olfaction

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7
Q

what division of the thalamus have a dorsal tier and a ventral tier

A

lateral division

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8
Q

what three things compose the dorsal tier of the lateral division of the thalamus

A
  • lateral dorsal
  • lateral posterior
  • pulvinar
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9
Q

what four things compose the ventral tier of the lateral division of the thalamus?

A
  • ventral anterior
  • ventral lateral
  • ventral posterior
  • medial and lateral geniculates
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10
Q

what are the subdivisions of thalamic nuclei defined by?

A

internal medially lamina

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11
Q

what subdivision of the thalamus is the largest?

A

lateral

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12
Q

all thalamic nuclei (except reticular) consist of what two things?

A
  • projection neurons (provide OUTPUT from thalamus)

- interneurons (small and INHIBITORY)

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13
Q

what are the two types of thalamic INPUTS?

A
  • specific inputs

- regulatory inputs

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14
Q

type of thalamic input that conveys info of thalamic nucleus passes on nearly directly to cortex (or other places)

A

specific inputs

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15
Q

type of thalamic inputs in which the thalamic nucleus contributes to the info it receives before it is passed to the cortex

A

regulatory inputs

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16
Q

what are the three types of thalamic nuclei?

A
  • relay
  • association
  • intralaminar
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17
Q

type of thalamic nuclei that directly projects the info it receives to an area of cortex (ex somatosensory cortex)

A

relay nuclei

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18
Q

type of thalamic nuclei that receive specific inputs from association cortex (ex. prefrontal cortex) and project back

A

association nuclei

*how you know that an animal that quacks is a duck

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19
Q

type of thalamic nuclei that receive distinct set of specific inputs (basal ganglia, limbic structures) and projects to cortex, basal ganglia, and limbic structures

A

intralaminar and midline nuclei

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20
Q

only type of thalamic nuclei that has no projections to cortex

A

reticular nuclei

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21
Q

what are the two inputs of reticular nucleus?

A
  • cortex

- thalamus

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22
Q

what is the output of reticular nuclei?

A

inhibitory axons to thalamus

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23
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a relay nucleus for hearing

A

medial geniculate

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24
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a relay nucleus for vision

A

lateral geniculate

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25
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a sensory relay nucleus for the face

A

ventral posterior medial

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26
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a sensory relay nucleus for the body

A

ventral posterior lateral

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27
Q

thalamic nucleus that are motor relay nuclei

A
  • ventral anterior

- ventral lateral

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28
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a relay nucleus for the limbic system

A

anterior

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29
Q

thalamic nucleus that is a component of the reticular activating system

A

intralaminar

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30
Q

VPL and VPM are used in the ____ relay nuclei

A

sensory

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31
Q

VA and VL are used in the ____ relay nuclei

A

motor

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32
Q

anterior and LD are used in the ____ relay nuclei

A

limbic

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33
Q

what are the two huge areas of association cortex?

A
  • DM

- pulvinar

34
Q

what two types of fibers pass through the internal capsule

A
  • thalamocortical

- corticothalamic

35
Q

the internal capsule has almost all fibers going to and from the ____ and collects to form the ____ _____

A
  • cortex

- cerebral peduncles

36
Q

what are the five parts of the internal capsule?

A
  • anterior limb
  • posterior limb
  • genu
  • retrolenticular
  • sublenticular
37
Q

what two things are in the anterior limb of the internal capsule

A
  • lenticular nucleus

- caudate

38
Q

what two things are in the posterior limb of the internal capsule

A
  • lenticular nucleus (same as anterior)

- thalamus

39
Q

where is the genu of the internal capsule located?

A

between anterior and posterior limbs

40
Q

the LIMBIC SYSTEM generates ___/___ from sensory inputs and has evolved to promote ____ so variable depending on physiologic needs

A
  • feelings/emotions

- survival

41
Q

the limbic system bridges what two things?

A
  • autonomic/voluntary responses

- environmental changes

42
Q

the hypothalamus is critical in autonomic, endocrine, emotional, and somatic functions and maintains physiological range or ____

A

homeostasis

43
Q

what are the three main types of connections of the hypothalamus?

A
  • interconnected with limbic system
  • output to pituitary
  • interconnects visceral/somatic nuclei
44
Q

the lateral part of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of ____ ____

A

reticular formation

45
Q

the prevent of the hypothalamus is the rostral continuation of what?

A

periaqueductal gray

46
Q

what are the two general areas of hypothalamic inputs

A
  • parts of forebrain (especially limbic system)

- brainstem and spinal cord

47
Q

the ______ controls both pituitary lobes

A

hypothalamus

48
Q

part of the limbic system and is more involved with EMOTIONAL RESPONSES

49
Q

part of the limbic system and is more involved with LEARNING AND MEMORY

A

hippocampus

50
Q

the amygdala is in association with what thalamic nucleus?

A

dorsomedial thalamic nucleus

51
Q

the hippocampus is in association with what thalamic nucleus?

A

anterior nucleus of thalamus and mammillary bodies

52
Q

what are the three nuclear groups of the amygdala?

A
  • medial (olfaction)
  • central-hypothal (emotion)
  • basolateral-cortex (emotion)
53
Q

amygdala input from hypothalamus and septal nuclei

A

stria terminalis

54
Q

amygdala input from thalamus, hypothalamus, orbital and anterior cingulate cortex

A

ventral amygdala

55
Q

amygdala input from olfactory bulb and olfactory cortex

A

lateral olfactory tract

56
Q

amygdala input form the temporal lobe cortex and hippocampus occurs ____

57
Q

fibers leave amygdala via what two pathways?

A
  • stria terminalis

- VAG pathway

58
Q

drive-related information to influence movement/behavior that associates stimuli with rewards

A

limbic loop in basal ganglia

59
Q

concerning the limbic loop in basal ganglia, pleasure results in an increase in VS _____ release

60
Q

the amygdala links perception of object/situation with correct emotional response, especially in (but not limited to) the case of ____

61
Q

____ and ___ inform the amygdala about situations or objects in the environment

A
  • thalamus
  • cortex

*inputs

62
Q

___ and ___ ___ inform amygdala about current physiologic and emotional state

A
  • hypothalamus
  • limbic system

*inputs

63
Q

amygdala outputs to what three places initiate EMOTIONAL RESPONSES

A
  • ventral striatum
  • hypothalamus
  • brainstem
64
Q

amygdala outputs to ____ increases awareness

65
Q

bilateral temporal lobe injury, involves amygdala and parahippocampal gyrus in which people or animals become fearless, placid, no emotional reactions, don’t respond to threats from others, and don’t flee from threats (amygdala damage)

A

kluver-bucy syndrome

66
Q

in kluver-bucy syndrome, males become _____ and sniff and examine everything ____

A
  • hypersexual

- orally (if they can eat it they will)

67
Q

regarding kluver-bucy syndrome, people may pick up same object repeatedly as they seem to recognize nothing, this is due to damage of what?

A

visual association cortex

68
Q

during bilateral removal of hippocampi impaired declarative memory, a patient could not form what three types of memory?

A
  • episodic (past personal experiences)
  • semantic (ideas related to personal experiences ex state capitals)
  • working (form new skills
69
Q

the fornix has a long course under the ___ ___ and it is an important ____ OUTPUT pathway

A
  • corpus callosum

- hippocampal

70
Q

what are the three zones of the hippocampus?

A
  • dentate gyrus
  • hippocampus proper (cornu ammonis)
  • subiculum
71
Q

the subiculum is a zone of the hippocampus and is the transition between what two things?

A
  • hippocampus proper

- parahippocampal cortex

72
Q

the hippocampus get afferent fibers form ___ ___

A

sensory cortex

73
Q

regarding hippocampal output-input, entorhinal cortex projects to ____ ____

A

dentate gyrus (via perforant pathway)

74
Q

regarding hippocampal output-input, the dentate neuron projects to what?

75
Q

regarding hippocampal output-input, the CA3 neuron projects into what two things?

A
  • fimbria

- CA1

76
Q

regarding hippocampal output-input, the CA1 neuron projects to ____

77
Q

regarding hippocampal output-input, the subiculum projects to ____

A

fimbria (via alvear pathway)

78
Q

regarding the hippocampus, the ____ ____ is the major source of afferents

A

entorhinal cortex

79
Q

regarding the hippocampus, most of the efferents come from ____, mostly going through the ____

A
  • subiculum

- fornix

80
Q

interations among limbic structures, cortex, and hypothalamus that propose that emotional experiences were processed

A

papez circuit

Anatomy (S2)(Unit 3) (15 decks)

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