Neural Bases of Speech and Language Test 1 Flashcards
the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system
Neurology
study of structure
anatomy
the study of the nervous system’s structure
neuroanatomy
study of function
physiology
the study of the nervous system’s functions
neurophysiology
study of diseases
pathology
the study of nervous system dieases
neuropathology
a series of organs, brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves that go into your muscles
nervous system
brain and spinal cord
central nervous system
everything to the outside of the brain, nerves and cranial nerves
peripheral nervous system
the removal or repair of structures that impair normal nervous system functioning
neurosurgery
the use of radiation therapy for nervous system tumors
neuroradiology
normal and pathological development of the nervous system
neuroembryology
to speak the language of neurologists and better communicate with them. we might be working with neurologists in a hospital and it will make things easier if you can both understand each other.
need for neurological training in SLP’s
to choose appropriate testing instruments placed on neurological injury. to predict problems patients are likely to have. to document change/efficacy of treatments. to plan effective treatment,
need for neurological training in SLP’s
a universal human experience, sometimes permanent or transient that affects the health and functioning
disability
encephalitis/meningitis (brain infection/ infection in membranes that surround brain)
Inflammatory diseases
Huntington disease (inherited diseases that eventually causes death) (your brain cells die/ “atrophies” which means to “waste away”
Systematic CNS atrophies
Parkinson disease (extrapyramidal tract is not working correctly and that tract affects movement)
Extrapyramidal disorders
Alzheimer disease (progressive neurological disorder (keeps going and doesn’t stop/no cure))
other degenerative diseases
Multiple sclerosis (nerves are covered in Myelin to keep electrical impulses in) ( in this diseases myelin is not on nerves correctly and has so nerves have gone array)
demyelinating CNS diseases
Epilepsy, Stroke (sudden)
Episodic/Paroxysmal disorders
an example of this group of believers called radical localists. they believe that certain areas of the brain and only certain areas perform certain or specific mental functions.
Phrenology
these people believe certain parts of the body were responsible for certain mental functions
radical localists and localists
these people believe certain parts of the body were responsible for certain functions as they are interconnected and work cooperatively.
connectionists
these people believe that the whole brain is involved in mental functioning
holists
viewing the anatomy of the brain (CT, MRI, Angiography)
structural imaging
viewing the physiology of the brain (PET, EGG, and MEG)
functional imaging
Method of imaging the structure of the vascular system
Iodine injected into this system
X-rays used to image the vascular system
angiography
the location of brain activity when a stimulus is introduced
spatial resolution
the time between a stimulus being presented and the brain’s response to that stimulus
temporal resolution
divides structure into left and right portions
sagittal section
divides structure into front and back portions
coronal section
divides structure into upper and lower portions
transverse section
from a high position
superior
from a low position
inferior (caudal)
toward the stomach
anterior (ventral)
toward the back
posterior (dorsal)
away from the body’s midline
lateral
toward the body’s midline
medial
point nearest limb’s attachment
proximal
point farthest from limb’s attachment
distal
toward the outer surface
peripheral
toward the center
central
on the same side
ipsilateral
on the opposite side
contralateral
bringing structures together
adduct
moving structures apart; taken away/kidnapped
abduct
bending a joing
flexion
straightening out a joing
extension
face/ventral surface is up
supine
face-ventral surface is down
pronate
structures that can be seen through human eyes
anatomical approach
lies inferior to cerebral hemispheres and continuous with brainstem. consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain. controls basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat etc., has motor and sensory pathways that run between brain and spinal cord.
brainstem
lies posterior to pons. involved in coordination and precision of fine motor movements.
cerebellum
includes thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
diencephalon
relay station for sensory fibers
thalamus
regulates and coordinates motor functions
subthalamus
regulates body functions (body temperature)
hypothalamus
regulates sleep-wake cycle, genital development and optic reflexes
epithalamus
controls higher cortical functions such as cognition and language, planning motor function and interpreting sensory experiences
cerebral hemisphere
Housed in the spinal or vertebral column with 32 to 34 boney segments
Densely packed with motor and sensory fibers
Spinal nerves exit and course to the body structures
spinal cord
consists of 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves
peripheral nervous system
Transfer motor (body movement), sensory (temp., touch), special sensory (vision, hearing, taste, smell) and parasympathetic (regulates glands & organs) information
cranial nerves
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal
Motor and sensory information
Mediates reflexes
spinal nerves
general senses such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp. special senses such as vision, hearing and balance
somatosensory system
general senses such as stretch, pain, temp., nausea, hunger, and irritation from internal organs. Special sense such as taste and smell
visceral sensory system
Involved body functions that happens automatically and without conscious control
Sympathetic - “fight-or-flight”
Parasympathetic - “rest-and digest”
Enteric - manages gastrointestinal system
autonomic nervous system
Voluntary and conscious control of skeletal muscle movements
Includes 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves
somatic nervous system
forms as a single fertilized egg and develops into complex organism
human being
human chromosomes
46 (23 pairs)
divide and duplicate through mitosis. 4 stage process - mother cell divides and forms two genetically identical daughter cells.
somatic cells
error during mitosis: whole chromosome deletion
turner syndrome
error during mitosis: partial chromosome deletion
cri-du-chat syndrome
error during mitosis: addition of chromosome
trisomy
week 1. sperm penetrates ovum to form zygote. the zygote begins to divide to form a morula. when zygote enters uterus and differentiates into outer and inner cells.
germinal stage
weeks 2-8. blastocyte implants into wall of uterus. beginning layers of the embryo: endoderm - gut, liver, and lungs. mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, kidneys, blood, and heart. ectoderm - skin and nervous system. neurodevelopment of central nervous system.
embryonic stage
weeks 3-7. period when neural tube is formed. 3rd week: ectoderm thickens to form neural plate.4th week: neural plate wraps around to form the neural tube (process called neurulation)
6th week: ends of neural tube close. brain and spinal cord will develop out of the neural tube
dorsal induction
encephalocele: when parts of the brain protrude from the skull. anencephaly: brain development ceases at brainstem; child without cerebral hemispheres. spina bifida: cyst on back that may or may not involve the spinal cord.
dorsal induction neural tube defects
months 2-3. period when the face and brain develop out of the superior end of the neural tube.Brain divisions include the following:
1. Prosencephalon (Forebrain) - Telencephalon & Diencephalon
2. Mesencephalon (Mid brain)
3. Rhombencephalon (hind brain) - myelencephalon
4. Metencephalon
ventral induction
Holoprosencephaly: failure of brain cleavage
Alobar form = no cleavage at all resulting in no distinct cerebral hemispheres; no corpus callosum
Semilobar form = some cleavage and development of right and left hemispheres, but incomplete; no corpus callosum
Lobar form = least severe; brain looks normal, but abnormal connections between hemispheres
ventral induction defects
months 3-4.Neurogenesis = the birth of new neurons
New neurons will become the gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Initially born out of spinal cord and brainstem; later the whole periventricular area
Interruptions in neural proliferation may result in microcephaly where children have abnormally small heads/brains
neural proliferation
months 3-5.New neurons move in wavelike fashion to their correct position in the cerebral hemispheres. A chemical reelin signals neurons where to stop
At about 20 weeks GA, process stops and 6 layers of the cerebral cortex are established
Cells cluster to form - hills (gyri) & valleys (sulci). Four lobes and its function develop
neuronal migration
Schizencephaly: clefts in the cerebral hemispheres. Lissencephaly: smooth brain that lacks characteristic sulci and gyri. Both conditions due to lack of reelin leading to a failure of neurons to migrate to proper places
neuronal migration defects
5 months to years. Once neurons arrive at intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons
Synapses begin to form between neurons
Process known as synaptogenesis
Synaptic pruning eliminated unneeded connections
Failure in this stage can lead to polymicrogyria; too many guru in the cerebral hemispheres
cortical organization and synapse formation
birth to years after birth.Neuron axons are coated with myelin during this stage
Process reaches its peak about 1 year after birth
This is when infants gain greater controls of their bodies and begin to develop the ability to communicate verbally
Failure in this stage may result in hypomyelination, a reduced ability to form myelin resulting in intellectual disability, etc.
myelination
Flexion and extension of trunk begin at a GA of 10–12 weeks
Reflexes (e.g., startle) begin at GA of 10 weeks
Movement of head and limbs at GA of 12 weeks
Facial behaviors such as sucking, swallowing etc. emerge in second trimester
Third trimester: above become more coordinated
functional development of the infant brain fetal behavior
begins at back of the brain and moves to the front; prefrontal cortex last area to be pruned
synaptic pruning
two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond
molecules
carbohydrates. stored for energy to the cellular functions
simple sugars
fats. responsible for cell architecture. ex: cell membrane. nervous system - contributes to myelin
fatty acids ( or lipids)
amine + carboxylic acid. brain - glutamate and gamma - aminobutyric acid (GABA). important for excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter
amino acids
large molecules for building body structure. DNA and RNA.
nucleotides
selectively permeable barrier/protector
membrane
stores and delivers proteins
golgi apparatus
contents of cell
cytoplasm
produce energy for the cell
mitochondrion
genetic control center
nucleus
produce ribosomes
nucleolus
produce proteins
ribosomes
cell division and microtubule formation
centrioles
digest cell debirs and bacteria
lysosome
cell framework and movement of cell parts
microtubules
rough ER produces proteins; smooth ER produces fatty acids, calcium, enzymes
ER
cells with specialized projection that transfers information throughout the body through electrochemical process
neuronal cells
glue cells
glial cells
neurons consist of:
cell body
nerve fibers
neurites
tree like structure that receives signals and pass to the cell body
dendrites
conducting signals away from the cell body
axons
mediates transmission excitatory/inhibitory modulatory
chemical messenger
motor signals from CNS to PNS (descending)
efferent communication
sensory signals from PNS to CNS (ascending)
afferent communication
active and passive
transport
imbalance
gradient
step 1. polarization. step 2. chemical transmission, depolarization. step 3. repolarization
neuronal firing
rest state: 1. concentration gradient. Na and K imbalance 2. charge gradient. More negative charge inside. Action (energy) potential
polarization
chemical firing of the neuron occurs at synapse. Neurotransmitters (presynaptic membrane (released in synaptic cleft
chemical transmission
chemical firing of the neuron occurs at _______
synapse
neurotransmitters released in ______ _____
synaptic cleft
The equaling of the gradients (both electrical and concentration)
Protein channels open and allow NA+ into cell using passive transport
depolarization
Re-establishing of the gradients (both electrical and concentration) by the Na/K pump (active transport)
repolarization
abnormal growth of nervous system
neoplasms
slow growing and do not spread
benign brain tumors
grown quickly and spread to other parts
malignant brain tumors
autoimmune disorder of unknown cause. Pins and needles. Issues with walking, balance, speech and swallowing.
multiple sclerosis
- 12-18 inch in length and ¼ to ½ inch in diameter
- Communication superhighway for motor or efferent (from the brain to the body) and sensory supplies (from the body to the brain)
- Extends from the bottom of the brainstem to the vertebral column
- Bony covering – vertebral column and three layers of meninges
spinal cord
motor and sensory information (GSE and GSA) to and from the dorsal or posterior part of the body
dorsal ramus/branch
- Inflammation of spinal cord
- Cause by virus, bacteria, parasites and any toxic agents (ex: led poisoning)
- Loss of motor function or sensory or both
myelitis
- Superior end of the spinal cord; anterior to cerebellum
- Contains the ascending and descending tracts as well as major nuclei of cranial nerves
- Medulla, pons and midbrain
brainstem
- Lowest part of the brain stem and lies between the spinal cord and pons.
the medulla
consists of descending and ascending tract (majority) and olive (olive nucleus) – integrates signals from the cerebellum and spinal cord for coordination and learning.
pyramids
(IX, X, XI, and XII) – 9 – glossopharyngeal, 10 – vagus, 11 – accessory, 12 – hypoglossal; swallowing, respiration, speech, gastrointestinal motility, cardiac and vaco constrictor; reflexes are mediated (cough, gag)
cranial nuclei
between pons and medulla
VII and VIII
o Lateral medullary syndrome caused by the stroke
o Frequent and violent hiccups
o Contralateral loss of pain, temperature of the body, and ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in the facial regions. Paralysis of the palate, vocal cords, vertigo
Wallenberg syndrome
- Inferior to the cerebral hemispheres and posterior to pons* Cerebral hemispheres – rt and lt and it is connected by vermis
- Wrinkles called folia and lobes – anterior, posterior and flocculondular
- Peduncles – three large fiber bundles that connects the cerebellum with spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
- Inferior, middle, supperios
cerebellum
cerebellar function
motor function
muscle contraction in PNS; alertness, attention, memory and learning
neurotransmitter: acetylcholine
excitation of CNS
neurotransmitter: glutamate
inhibits CNS activity
neurotransmitter: GABA
motor control; brain reward system
neurotransmitter: dopamine
excited heart; fight or flight response
neurotransmitter: epinephrine
attention, alertness, mood
neurotransmitter: norepinephrine
excites/inhibits nervous system
neurotransmitter: serotonin
sensitizes to pain; causes inflammation
neurotransmitter: substance P
