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Finals > Neural Bases of Speech and Language Test 1 > Flashcards

Neural Bases of Speech and Language Test 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the study of the anatomy, physiology, and pathology of the nervous system

A

Neurology

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2
Q

study of structure

A

anatomy

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3
Q

the study of the nervous system’s structure

A

neuroanatomy

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4
Q

study of function

A

physiology

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5
Q

the study of the nervous system’s functions

A

neurophysiology

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6
Q

study of diseases

A

pathology

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7
Q

the study of nervous system dieases

A

neuropathology

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8
Q

a series of organs, brain, spinal cord, and all the nerves that go into your muscles

A

nervous system

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9
Q

brain and spinal cord

A

central nervous system

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10
Q

everything to the outside of the brain, nerves and cranial nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

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11
Q

the removal or repair of structures that impair normal nervous system functioning

A

neurosurgery

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12
Q

the use of radiation therapy for nervous system tumors

A

neuroradiology

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13
Q

normal and pathological development of the nervous system

A

neuroembryology

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14
Q

to speak the language of neurologists and better communicate with them. we might be working with neurologists in a hospital and it will make things easier if you can both understand each other.

A

need for neurological training in SLP’s

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15
Q

to choose appropriate testing instruments placed on neurological injury. to predict problems patients are likely to have. to document change/efficacy of treatments. to plan effective treatment,

A

need for neurological training in SLP’s

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16
Q

a universal human experience, sometimes permanent or transient that affects the health and functioning

A

disability

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17
Q

encephalitis/meningitis (brain infection/ infection in membranes that surround brain)

A

Inflammatory diseases

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18
Q

Huntington disease (inherited diseases that eventually causes death) (your brain cells die/ “atrophies” which means to “waste away”

A

Systematic CNS atrophies

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19
Q

Parkinson disease (extrapyramidal tract is not working correctly and that tract affects movement)

A

Extrapyramidal disorders

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20
Q

Alzheimer disease (progressive neurological disorder (keeps going and doesn’t stop/no cure))

A

other degenerative diseases

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21
Q

Multiple sclerosis (nerves are covered in Myelin to keep electrical impulses in) ( in this diseases myelin is not on nerves correctly and has so nerves have gone array)

A

demyelinating CNS diseases

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22
Q

Epilepsy, Stroke (sudden)

A

Episodic/Paroxysmal disorders

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23
Q

an example of this group of believers called radical localists. they believe that certain areas of the brain and only certain areas perform certain or specific mental functions.

A

Phrenology

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24
Q

these people believe certain parts of the body were responsible for certain mental functions

A

radical localists and localists

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25
Q

these people believe certain parts of the body were responsible for certain functions as they are interconnected and work cooperatively.

A

connectionists

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26
Q

these people believe that the whole brain is involved in mental functioning

A

holists

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27
Q

viewing the anatomy of the brain (CT, MRI, Angiography)

A

structural imaging

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28
Q

viewing the physiology of the brain (PET, EGG, and MEG)

A

functional imaging

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29
Q

Method of imaging the structure of the vascular system
Iodine injected into this system
X-rays used to image the vascular system

A

angiography

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30
Q

the location of brain activity when a stimulus is introduced

A

spatial resolution

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31
Q

the time between a stimulus being presented and the brain’s response to that stimulus

A

temporal resolution

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32
Q

divides structure into left and right portions

A

sagittal section

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33
Q

divides structure into front and back portions

A

coronal section

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34
Q

divides structure into upper and lower portions

A

transverse section

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35
Q

from a high position

A

superior

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36
Q

from a low position

A

inferior (caudal)

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37
Q

toward the stomach

A

anterior (ventral)

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38
Q

toward the back

A

posterior (dorsal)

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39
Q

away from the body’s midline

A

lateral

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40
Q

toward the body’s midline

A

medial

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41
Q

point nearest limb’s attachment

A

proximal

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42
Q

point farthest from limb’s attachment

A

distal

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43
Q

toward the outer surface

A

peripheral

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44
Q

toward the center

A

central

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45
Q

on the same side

A

ipsilateral

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46
Q

on the opposite side

A

contralateral

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47
Q

bringing structures together

A

adduct

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48
Q

moving structures apart; taken away/kidnapped

A

abduct

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49
Q

bending a joing

A

flexion

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50
Q

straightening out a joing

A

extension

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51
Q

face/ventral surface is up

A

supine

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52
Q

face-ventral surface is down

A

pronate

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53
Q

structures that can be seen through human eyes

A

anatomical approach

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54
Q

lies inferior to cerebral hemispheres and continuous with brainstem. consists of medulla, pons, and midbrain. controls basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat etc., has motor and sensory pathways that run between brain and spinal cord.

A

brainstem

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55
Q

lies posterior to pons. involved in coordination and precision of fine motor movements.

A

cerebellum

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56
Q

includes thalamus, subthalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

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57
Q

relay station for sensory fibers

A

thalamus

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58
Q

regulates and coordinates motor functions

A

subthalamus

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59
Q

regulates body functions (body temperature)

A

hypothalamus

60
Q

regulates sleep-wake cycle, genital development and optic reflexes

A

epithalamus

61
Q

controls higher cortical functions such as cognition and language, planning motor function and interpreting sensory experiences

A

cerebral hemisphere

62
Q

Housed in the spinal or vertebral column with 32 to 34 boney segments
Densely packed with motor and sensory fibers
Spinal nerves exit and course to the body structures

A

spinal cord

63
Q

consists of 12 pairs of cranial and 31 pairs of spinal nerves

A

peripheral nervous system

64
Q

Transfer motor (body movement), sensory (temp., touch), special sensory (vision, hearing, taste, smell) and parasympathetic (regulates glands & organs) information

A

cranial nerves

65
Q

8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral and 1 coccygeal
Motor and sensory information
Mediates reflexes

A

spinal nerves

66
Q

general senses such as touch, pain, pressure, vibration, temp. special senses such as vision, hearing and balance

A

somatosensory system

67
Q

general senses such as stretch, pain, temp., nausea, hunger, and irritation from internal organs. Special sense such as taste and smell

A

visceral sensory system

68
Q

Involved body functions that happens automatically and without conscious control
Sympathetic - “fight-or-flight”
Parasympathetic - “rest-and digest”
Enteric - manages gastrointestinal system

A

autonomic nervous system

69
Q

Voluntary and conscious control of skeletal muscle movements
Includes 12 cranial and 31 spinal nerves

A

somatic nervous system

70
Q

forms as a single fertilized egg and develops into complex organism

A

human being

71
Q

human chromosomes

A

46 (23 pairs)

72
Q

divide and duplicate through mitosis. 4 stage process - mother cell divides and forms two genetically identical daughter cells.

A

somatic cells

73
Q

error during mitosis: whole chromosome deletion

A

turner syndrome

74
Q

error during mitosis: partial chromosome deletion

A

cri-du-chat syndrome

75
Q

error during mitosis: addition of chromosome

A

trisomy

76
Q

week 1. sperm penetrates ovum to form zygote. the zygote begins to divide to form a morula. when zygote enters uterus and differentiates into outer and inner cells.

A

germinal stage

77
Q

weeks 2-8. blastocyte implants into wall of uterus. beginning layers of the embryo: endoderm - gut, liver, and lungs. mesoderm - skeleton, muscles, kidneys, blood, and heart. ectoderm - skin and nervous system. neurodevelopment of central nervous system.

A

embryonic stage

78
Q

weeks 3-7. period when neural tube is formed. 3rd week: ectoderm thickens to form neural plate.4th week: neural plate wraps around to form the neural tube (process called neurulation)
6th week: ends of neural tube close. brain and spinal cord will develop out of the neural tube

A

dorsal induction

79
Q

encephalocele: when parts of the brain protrude from the skull. anencephaly: brain development ceases at brainstem; child without cerebral hemispheres. spina bifida: cyst on back that may or may not involve the spinal cord.

A

dorsal induction neural tube defects

80
Q

months 2-3. period when the face and brain develop out of the superior end of the neural tube.Brain divisions include the following:
1. Prosencephalon (Forebrain) - Telencephalon & Diencephalon
2. Mesencephalon (Mid brain)
3. Rhombencephalon (hind brain) - myelencephalon
4. Metencephalon

A

ventral induction

81
Q

Holoprosencephaly: failure of brain cleavage
Alobar form = no cleavage at all resulting in no distinct cerebral hemispheres; no corpus callosum
Semilobar form = some cleavage and development of right and left hemispheres, but incomplete; no corpus callosum
Lobar form = least severe; brain looks normal, but abnormal connections between hemispheres

A

ventral induction defects

82
Q

months 3-4.Neurogenesis = the birth of new neurons
New neurons will become the gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres
Initially born out of spinal cord and brainstem; later the whole periventricular area
Interruptions in neural proliferation may result in microcephaly where children have abnormally small heads/brains

A

neural proliferation

83
Q

months 3-5.New neurons move in wavelike fashion to their correct position in the cerebral hemispheres. A chemical reelin signals neurons where to stop
At about 20 weeks GA, process stops and 6 layers of the cerebral cortex are established
Cells cluster to form - hills (gyri) & valleys (sulci). Four lobes and its function develop

A

neuronal migration

84
Q

Schizencephaly: clefts in the cerebral hemispheres. Lissencephaly: smooth brain that lacks characteristic sulci and gyri. Both conditions due to lack of reelin leading to a failure of neurons to migrate to proper places

A

neuronal migration defects

85
Q

5 months to years. Once neurons arrive at intended spot, they sprout dendrites and axons
Synapses begin to form between neurons
Process known as synaptogenesis
Synaptic pruning eliminated unneeded connections
Failure in this stage can lead to polymicrogyria; too many guru in the cerebral hemispheres

A

cortical organization and synapse formation

86
Q

birth to years after birth.Neuron axons are coated with myelin during this stage
Process reaches its peak about 1 year after birth
This is when infants gain greater controls of their bodies and begin to develop the ability to communicate verbally
Failure in this stage may result in hypomyelination, a reduced ability to form myelin resulting in intellectual disability, etc.

A

myelination

87
Q

Flexion and extension of trunk begin at a GA of 10–12 weeks
Reflexes (e.g., startle) begin at GA of 10 weeks
Movement of head and limbs at GA of 12 weeks
Facial behaviors such as sucking, swallowing etc. emerge in second trimester
Third trimester: above become more coordinated

A

functional development of the infant brain fetal behavior

88
Q

begins at back of the brain and moves to the front; prefrontal cortex last area to be pruned

A

synaptic pruning

89
Q

two or more atoms held together by a chemical bond

A

molecules

90
Q

carbohydrates. stored for energy to the cellular functions

A

simple sugars

91
Q

fats. responsible for cell architecture. ex: cell membrane. nervous system - contributes to myelin

A

fatty acids ( or lipids)

92
Q

amine + carboxylic acid. brain - glutamate and gamma - aminobutyric acid (GABA). important for excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitter

A

amino acids

93
Q

large molecules for building body structure. DNA and RNA.

A

nucleotides

94
Q

selectively permeable barrier/protector

A

membrane

95
Q

stores and delivers proteins

A

golgi apparatus

96
Q

contents of cell

A

cytoplasm

97
Q

produce energy for the cell

A

mitochondrion

98
Q

genetic control center

A

nucleus

99
Q

produce ribosomes

A

nucleolus

100
Q

produce proteins

A

ribosomes

101
Q

cell division and microtubule formation

A

centrioles

102
Q

digest cell debirs and bacteria

A

lysosome

103
Q

cell framework and movement of cell parts

A

microtubules

104
Q

rough ER produces proteins; smooth ER produces fatty acids, calcium, enzymes

A

ER

105
Q

cells with specialized projection that transfers information throughout the body through electrochemical process

A

neuronal cells

106
Q

glue cells

A

glial cells

107
Q

neurons consist of:

A

cell body

108
Q

nerve fibers

A

neurites

109
Q

tree like structure that receives signals and pass to the cell body

A

dendrites

110
Q

conducting signals away from the cell body

A

axons

111
Q

mediates transmission excitatory/inhibitory modulatory

A

chemical messenger

112
Q

motor signals from CNS to PNS (descending)

A

efferent communication

113
Q

sensory signals from PNS to CNS (ascending)

A

afferent communication

114
Q

active and passive

A

transport

115
Q

imbalance

A

gradient

116
Q

step 1. polarization. step 2. chemical transmission, depolarization. step 3. repolarization

A

neuronal firing

117
Q

rest state: 1. concentration gradient. Na and K imbalance 2. charge gradient. More negative charge inside. Action (energy) potential

A

polarization

118
Q

chemical firing of the neuron occurs at synapse. Neurotransmitters (presynaptic membrane (released in synaptic cleft

A

chemical transmission

119
Q

chemical firing of the neuron occurs at _______

A

synapse

120
Q

neurotransmitters released in ______ _____

A

synaptic cleft

121
Q

The equaling of the gradients (both electrical and concentration)
Protein channels open and allow NA+ into cell using passive transport

A

depolarization

122
Q

Re-establishing of the gradients (both electrical and concentration) by the Na/K pump (active transport)

A

repolarization

123
Q

abnormal growth of nervous system

A

neoplasms

124
Q

slow growing and do not spread

A

benign brain tumors

125
Q

grown quickly and spread to other parts

A

malignant brain tumors

126
Q

autoimmune disorder of unknown cause. Pins and needles. Issues with walking, balance, speech and swallowing.

A

multiple sclerosis

127
Q
  • 12-18 inch in length and ¼ to ½ inch in diameter
  • Communication superhighway for motor or efferent (from the brain to the body) and sensory supplies (from the body to the brain)
  • Extends from the bottom of the brainstem to the vertebral column
  • Bony covering – vertebral column and three layers of meninges
A

spinal cord

128
Q

motor and sensory information (GSE and GSA) to and from the dorsal or posterior part of the body

A

dorsal ramus/branch

129
Q
  • Inflammation of spinal cord
  • Cause by virus, bacteria, parasites and any toxic agents (ex: led poisoning)
  • Loss of motor function or sensory or both
A

myelitis

130
Q
  • Superior end of the spinal cord; anterior to cerebellum
  • Contains the ascending and descending tracts as well as major nuclei of cranial nerves
  • Medulla, pons and midbrain
A

brainstem

131
Q
  • Lowest part of the brain stem and lies between the spinal cord and pons.
A

the medulla

132
Q

consists of descending and ascending tract (majority) and olive (olive nucleus) – integrates signals from the cerebellum and spinal cord for coordination and learning.

A

pyramids

133
Q

(IX, X, XI, and XII) – 9 – glossopharyngeal, 10 – vagus, 11 – accessory, 12 – hypoglossal; swallowing, respiration, speech, gastrointestinal motility, cardiac and vaco constrictor; reflexes are mediated (cough, gag)

A

cranial nuclei

134
Q

between pons and medulla

A

VII and VIII

135
Q

o Lateral medullary syndrome caused by the stroke
o Frequent and violent hiccups
o Contralateral loss of pain, temperature of the body, and ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature in the facial regions. Paralysis of the palate, vocal cords, vertigo

A

Wallenberg syndrome

136
Q
  • Inferior to the cerebral hemispheres and posterior to pons* Cerebral hemispheres – rt and lt and it is connected by vermis
  • Wrinkles called folia and lobes – anterior, posterior and flocculondular
  • Peduncles – three large fiber bundles that connects the cerebellum with spinal cord, brainstem and cerebral hemispheres
  • Inferior, middle, supperios
A

cerebellum

137
Q

cerebellar function

A

motor function

138
Q

muscle contraction in PNS; alertness, attention, memory and learning

A

neurotransmitter: acetylcholine

139
Q

excitation of CNS

A

neurotransmitter: glutamate

140
Q

inhibits CNS activity

A

neurotransmitter: GABA

141
Q

motor control; brain reward system

A

neurotransmitter: dopamine

142
Q

excited heart; fight or flight response

A

neurotransmitter: epinephrine

143
Q

attention, alertness, mood

A

neurotransmitter: norepinephrine

144
Q

excites/inhibits nervous system

A

neurotransmitter: serotonin

145
Q

sensitizes to pain; causes inflammation

A

neurotransmitter: substance P

Finals (13 decks)

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