CDIS 2223 Final Flashcards
what is then function of the CN V mixed CN nerve?
facial and jaw movements
what is the function of the CN VII facial nerve?
facial movements including facial expressions, come of the tongue movements, facial muscle movements
what is the function of the CN VIII (acoustic/vestibulocochlear) sensory nerve?
hearing and balance functions
what is the function of the CN IX (glossopharyngeal) mixed CN nerve?
tongue and palatal sensations
what is the function of the CN X (vagus) mixed CN nerve?
palatal, pharyngeal, and laryngeal movements
CN XI (accessory) (motor) function?
head and shoulder movements (breathing and postural tasks)
CN XII (hypoglossal) (motor CN) function?
tongue movements
according to this model, the brain areas work together for higher level functions including language
connectionist model
layer consisting of myelinated axons
white matter (outside)
layer consisting of non-myelinated axons
gray matter (inside)
cushioning structure for the brain
cerebrospinal fluid
outer most membrane of cerebrum
durameter
located in-between duramater and piameter
arachnoid
convolutions or elevations observed within the brain surface
gyri (gyrus)
innermost layer of cerebrum
piameter
grooves or valleys observed within the brain surface
sulci (sulcus)
blood supply or information sent to the same side of the brain
ipsilateral innervation
blood supply or information is sent to the opposite side of the brain
contralateral innervation
divides brain into right and left hemispheres
longitudinal fissure
connects the right and left hemisphere
corpus callosum
divides the brain into anterior and posterior halves
central sulcus
important for speech, language and hearing
lateral cerebral fissure a.k.a Sylvian fissure
cerebellum has ____ cerebellar hemispheres
two
each cerebellar hemisphere has _____ lobes
three
what are the three cerebellar hemisphere lobes?
anterior, posterior, flocculondular
lexical knowledge
semantics
which area is typically important for forming grammatically correct sentences?
brocas area
the flexibility of the central nervous system to generate new synaptic connections and/or develop alternate connections to execute life functions
neural plasticity
this type of plasticity happens during early childhood
experience-expectant plasticity
this type of plasticity continues throughout life
experience-dependent plasticity
______ research focuses on generation and refinement of existing knowledge base
basic
_______ research focuses on addressing specific problems related to different concepts
applied
these theories are based on the fact that humans are born with language skills
nature inspired theories
Language is innate to humans and there are specific areas of the brain that control specific language functions
fodor’s modularity theory
Children do not have any innate knowledge about language. They learn language through environmental stimulation and reinforcement of vocalizations by adults.
behaviorist theory (skinner)
_______ conditioning is when behaviors become stronger when they are reinforced and they become suppressed when they are punished.
operant
humans learn language through both a combination of nature and nurture-related factors
interactionist theories
Language is unique to humans. Language typically emerges from social interactions with peers and adults.
Vygotsky’s social-interactionist theory
The zone of ________ ________focuses on this possible potential level where a child may be able to learn or demonstrate new skills by some more assistance or scaffolding.
proximal development
Language is learned due to cognitive and social skills. Children’s cognitive development occurs before language development.
piaget’s cognitive theory
A stage in language development where children are very self-centered and they usually talk about the things related to them.
egocentric speech
These are ideas that govern language processing and the role of tangible rewards that the speaker gains through language use.
cognitive principles
These are related to an individual’s confidence in language learning and one’s inclination to take risks with respect to language.
affection principles
These are principles that suggest that knowledge of other languages may either facilitate or interfere in learning new languages.
linguistic princples
intonation is the _________ placed on certain syllables at phrase and sentence level
prominence
length of the sounds at word level
duration
prominence placed on certain syllables of multisyllabic words
stress
strong-week stress pattern
TEACHer, CHIna
weak-strong stress patter
aBOVE, jaPAN
Process by which infants begin to focus more on perceptual differences that are of significance to them.
perceptual narrowing
During the first year of life, infants are able to process phonetic information for both native and non-native languages
phonetic processing
These are rules for use of speech sounds in a language
phonotactic regularities
variations of a speech sound which may or may not indicate a change in meaning
allophones
voice ______ time: time in-between the release of a stop consonant and the onset of vocal fold vibration
onset
superordinate level
most general concepts in a particular category. examples: people, animal, food
basic level
general words within a category. examples: mama, dada, water
subordinate level
specific examples of basic level words. examples: types of apples, gala, granny smith, red delivious
by what age do infants begin to differentiate between living and non-living things?
4 months
these categories include concepts arranged on the basis how and what the objects are used for
conceptual categories (examples: cup is for drinking, spoon is for eating)
reflexive vocalizations
by 2 months, sounds of discomfort or contentness
control of phonation (1-4 months)
cooing and gooing
expansion (3-8 months)
they start saying sounds on purpose, usually consonants like “d” or “b”
language _____ includes morphology, phonology, and syntax
form
______ reduction: this child may simplify the words and say one of the two consonants. example” kool for school
cluster
Production of a nonnansal consonant as a nasal consonant (nanny for candy, mom for mop)
nasal assimilation
when a consonant begins to sound similar to another sound of the word
assimilation
consonant _______: when an earlier sound influences a later one (doddie for doggie) or a later sound may influence the earlier sound (lellow for yellow)
harmony
production of a nonvelar consonant as a velar consonant (gog for dog, kuk for cup)
velar assimilation
replacing a sound produced farther back in the mouth with a sound produced relatively in the front of the mouth (tub for cub)
fronting
replacing a sound produced in the front of the mouth with a sound produced in the back (cap for tap)
backing
replacing a fricative or affricate with a stop sound (tip for ship)
stopping
replacing a liquid (r,l) with a glide (w). example: wainbow for rainbow
gliding
learning of new words that are phonologically different from already learned words (cat, juice, book)
novel nonneighbors
learning new words that are phonologically similar to already learned words (mat, sat, pat)
novel neighbors
_______ overextension: extended use of a word for other words that belong to the same category (saying cat for any four-legged animal or saying mommy for any woman)
categorical
_______ overextension: extended use of a word for words that are perceptually similar (saying cup for anything with a handle or saying ball for anything that is round)
analogical
________ overextension: extended use of a word for words that are semantically or thematically related (saying flower for the act of watering the plants)
relational
use of words only to refer to specific objects, people or events (saying bottle for only their bottle)
underextension
principle of _______: words symbolize objects, actions, events, and concepts (mommy represents someone’s mother)
reference
principle of _______: words label categories and not just the original example (round - ball - may be used to define toys that you play with)
extendibility
principle of _______ _______: when toddlers hear a new word, they associate the new word to the entire object rather than parts of the object (elephant would refer to the entire animal not just its body parts)
object scope
if the toddler knows that dog is a four-legged animal, it refers to the principle of ________
reference
principle of ________: Toddlers begin to recognize that some terms used during infancy are not used in a
similar way by adults. (saying nigh-nigh for goodnight)
conventionality
princple of _____ _____: toddlers are able to use words in more different subcategories (using ball in different ways to refer to ping pong ball, basketball, football)
categorical scope
first borns have more ______ and ______ development while later born siblings have more advanced ______ skills
lexical; gramamtical; conversational
What are some interindividual differences?
effects of gender, effects of birth order, effects of socioeconomic status.
Elicited ________ tasks: Clinician or the researcher produces a target
stimulus and the client repeats it back as he or she heard it
imitation
Elicited __________ tasks: The clinician produces a target word with a prompt but the child does not repeat but rather asks questions or makes statements based on the given prompt
production
comprehension tasks
picture selection task, the act-out task, judegement tasks
fast method of assessing a child and determining whether or not they need a detailed evaluation
screening
macarthur bates comm. development inventory is good for what age?
8-36 months
receptive-expressive emergent language test is good for what age?
birth-3 years
CELF preschool 2 is good for what age?
3-6 years
_______ literacy: refers to the beginning period of reading and writing
emergent
______________ ability: refers to the ability to view language as an object of attention
metalinguistic
______ awareness: refers to children’s understanding of the forms and functions of written language
_____________ awareness: refers to the ability to identify sounds and segment words and multisyllabic words into syllables
phonological
______ terms: words that change their meaning and use with location of a speaker and listener
deictic
this, that, those, these are examples of what kind of terms?
deictic
who where which what why are examples of what kind of terms?
interrogative
before, after, until, since, while, during are examples of what kind of terms?
temporal
hot-cold, up-down, high-low, tall-short, yes-no are examples of what kind of terms?
opposites
on, in, above, under, behind are examples of what kind of terms?
locational prepositions
mom, dad, brother, sister, grandparents, cousins, aunt, uncle are examples of what kind of terms?
kinship
______ narrative: refers to an individual sharing an actual event
personal
_______ narrative: refers to an individual sharing a fictional event
fictional
____________ variation: each preschooler has his/her own strengths. no two preschoolers of the same age are on the exact same timeline for language milestones
intraindividual
___________ differences: children of different ages may have differences in terms of when and how they acquire the language milestones
interindividual
_-unites: how many partial or complete sentences does a child use in a written sample
T
_-unites: how many partial or complete sentences does a child use during a conversation
C
______ phase: Children make substitution errors and these errors are semantically and syntactically probable (the food is delicious/tasty, the dog is scowling/barking)
First
______ phase: Children make substitution errors but these errors have similar graphic representations (similar spellings) to the target word. (there are cooked carrots on the table/ there are cold carrots on the table)
Second
_____ phase: children make substitution errors where the errored word has a graphical resemblance to the target word and the words are grammatically and semantically acceptable. (the dress looks gorgeous/ the dress looks great)
Third
confirmation, fluency, and ungluing from print (ages 7-8 years)
stage 2
reading to learn the new (between grade 4 through 8)
stage 3
multiple viewpoints ages 14-18 years
stage 4
construction and reconstruction ages 18 years and above
stage 5
language use consists of what three things?
functional flexibility, conversational abilities, narrative development
_______ refers to retelling of a personal story or experience
recount
_______ refers to spontaneous personal narratives
account
_____ ____ describes current events as they are happening
event cast
test of pragmatic language - second edition (TOPL-2) is good for what ages?
6-18 years and 11 months
speech pathologist adopt three approaches, what are they?
child-centered therapy, clinician-directed therapy, combination
This approach focuses on the fact that the child will accommodate to activities and people based on situations.
highly situation centered.
what states in smoky mountain region have southern dialect?
tennesee and kentucky
what are the other southern dialects?
appalachian english, smoky mountain dialect, new orleans dialect, texan dialect, oklahoman dialect
Norther dialect areas:
boston, philadelphia, new york, pittsburg
ommision of r sound like saying cah for car is what dialect?
northern
saying totally like teutally is what dialect?
western
simplified language developed among speakers who do not share a common language
pidgin
pidgins become creoles when speakers pass on their language from one generation to the next
creoles
_________ bilingualism: children acquiring two or more languages at the same time
simultaneous
________ blingualism: children acquire one language first. after mastering the first language they learn a new language
sequential
code switching is used for:
different social setting, when forgetting one language, to express how they feel
code switching happening between sentences. Example: Guten tag! How are you?
intersential code switching
code switching is happening within the same sentence or utterance. Example: I love azul, black, and marron
intrasential code switching
presence of language elements from both the first language and second languages learned
Interlanguage
language _____________ refers to a more consistent use of second language by speakers.
stabilization
what is the difference between a language disorder and a language difference?
a language disorder is a cognitive issue with expressive or receptive language and a language difference is something that is because of geographical location or ethnic factors.
number of individuals with an existing condition at any time
prevalence
number of newly diagnosed cases each year
incidence
refers to exclusive problems in language skills
primary language impairment
refers to language disorders due to other co-existing medical, congenital or physiological factors
secondary language impairment
children with a lower IQ of below 80 are termed to have an _________ ______
intellectual disability
what are causes of intellectual disabilities?
can be prenatal, during time of birth, or post natal (head trauma)
what are symptoms of intellectual disabilities?
delays in early communication skills
types of hearing loss
prelingual and post lingtual
characteristics of children with hearing loss
language disorders, limited vocabulary, limited comprehension of spoken language, and limited syntactic and pragmatic skills
