Neural Bases - Chapter 8

Question 1

• Divided the human brain into 52 areas based on the differences in gross anatomy
• Postulated that each of this area either individually or in connection with other areas is responsible for certain functions
• Simple navigational tool that helps to survey many complexities of the central hemispheres
• Brain is a complex structure-ERD is in the larger 2 no one to one correspondence between in the area and the function

Answer 1

Brodmann map

Question 2

• Lies in the rostral end of the frontal lobe with the caudal end being the premotor area
• Associated with cognition, personality, decision making, and social behavior
• Responsible for executive control that involved goal-directed behavior – restraint, initiative and order

Answer 2

Prefrontal cortex [Brodmann areas 9,10,11,12,46 and 47]

Question 3

working memory [a type of short-term memory for temporarily holding information], retrieving previously stored information needed to make judgments and decisions

Answer 3

o Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex [areas 9, 10, 46]

Question 4

working memory, episodic memory (space-time events), autobiographical memory (personal episodic memory)

Answer 4

o Ventrolateral prefrontal cortex [areas 45, 47]

Question 5

learning and decision making [relating possible rewards or punishment associated with that action

Answer 5

Orbital frontal cortex [areas 11, 12]

Question 6

working memory (spatial) and emotional memories

Answer 6

o Medial prefrontal cortex areas [24, 25, 32

Question 7

damage to the lateral prefrontal cortex leading to disturbances such as indifferent to people and situations, apathetic, lack of will [abulia], lack of movement [akinesia], lack of talking [mutism]

Answer 7

depressive profile

Question 8

damage to the medial and anterior part of the prefrontal cortex leading to emotional explosions, impersistence, distractible

Answer 8

manic profile

Question 9

• Frontal eye fields located anterior to the pre-motor cortex
• Controls left right up and down eye movements

Answer 9

Frontal eye field [Brodmann area 8]

Question 10

• Named after the physician Paul Broca
• Located in the inferior frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe and sandwiched between the premotor cortex and the prefrontal cortex
• Involved in language processing, language comprehension, and speech production

Answer 10

Brocas area [Brodmann area 44 and 45]:

Question 11

the ability to retrieve and say verbs and to spell words correctly in writing

Answer 11

left hemisphere Broca’s area

Question 12

involved in the expression of emotional intonation [prosody] and interpretation of intonation especially the emotional content.

Answer 12

o Right hemisphere Broca’s area

Question 13

phonological processing

Answer 13

both hemispheres in broca’s area

Question 14

contributes to the interpretation of syntax and planning and programming of verbal response

Answer 14

one main part of broca’s area: anterior portion

Question 15

initiating and coordinating the speech motor musculatures/organs

Answer 15

posterior portion

Question 16

Limited verbal output that is agrammatic (not grammatically correct).* Co-occurring condition: Motor speech disorder called Apraxia of Speech (AOS) – difficulty in planning and programming the articulators for speech.
* Unintelligible speech and groping behavior

Answer 16

broca’s aphasia

Question 17

• Lies anterior to the primary motor area
• Involves in planning and sequencing complex voluntary motor movements – opposite side of the body
• Along with BA 44: motor movements and planning for speech
• Damage to premotor cortex: apraxia (limb apraxia, oral apraxia, apraxia of speech)

Answer 17

Premotor cortex [Brodmann area 6]

Question 18

• Located in the pre-central gyri posterior to premotor cortex
• Controls all the motor activities of the body
• Damage to this area: hemiplegia/paralysis (contralateral), dysarthria – difficulty in articulating the speech sounds due to weakness in the muscles (slurring speech)

Answer 18

Primary motor area [Brodmann area 4]

Question 19

• Lies posterior to central fissure
• Receives and perceives the sensory information (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, stereognosis)
• Damage to this area will lead to decreased sensitivity to touch, temperature, and pain

Answer 19

Primary sensory cortex [Brodmann areas 1-2 and 3] (parietal lobe)

Question 20

• Fine movements of speech musculature for fluent/smooth speech
• Writing

Answer 20

Somatosensory association area [Brodmann 5 and 7] (parietal lobe)

Question 21

• Left hemisphere:
  o Important for reading and math abilities
  o Involved in interpreting metaphors/idioms
• Right hemisphere:
  o Visual-spatial processing
• Damage to angular gyrus: difficulty in reading (alexia), difficulty in math (acalculia)

Answer 21

Angular gyrus [Brodmann area 39] (parietal lobe)

Question 22

• Closely connected to the angular gyrus
• Stores the phoneme representation and phoneme combination
• Upon seeing a word, this area helps to form the auditory image of the word

Answer 22

Supramarginal gyrus [Brodmann area 40] (parietal lobe)

Question 23

• Visual information processing (identifying the form, color, face, and other details)
• Damage to the occipital lobe – Anton Syndrome (cortical blindness)

Answer 23

occipital lobe

Question 24

• Involved in auditory information processing and reading facial emotions
• Damage to it: auditory hallucinations

Answer 24

Inferior Temporal Area (Brodmann Areas 20 & 21)

Question 25

• Long-term memory (declarative memory)

Answer 25

Hippocampal gyrus [Brodmann areas 27, 28, 34, 35 and 36]

Question 26

• Face recognition and also for naming an object
• Damage to this gyrus: anomia (difficulty in naming) and prosopagnosia (difficulty in recognizing faces)

Answer 26

Fusiform gyrus [Brodmann area 37]

Question 27

• Highly involved in language, especially semantic processing
• Comprehension of spoken words and narratives
• Theory of mind (TOM)
• Right hemisphere: identifying the familiar voices, integrating emotional content of the language

Answer 27

The temporal pole [Brodmann area 38]

Question 28

• Situated at the superior/ceiling of the superior temporal gyrus
• Crucial for a special sense of hearing
• Initial cortical region that receives the auditory information from the auditory pathways – processes both the frequency and intensity of a sound
• Damage to the auditory area results in pure word deafness [auditory verbal agnosia] – a deficit in understanding the speech but not any deficit in speaking, reading, or writing

Answer 28

Auditory Cortex [Brodmann area 41 and 42]

Question 29

• involved in attaching meaning to the auditory stimulus, especially speech
• Helps us to understand what people say
• Processing and understanding of speech involves Wernicke’s area, and Broca’s area
• Damage to Wernicke’s area – Wernicke’s Aphasia [fluent aphasia] – trouble comprehending the spoken language but filled with jargon and paraphasia’s [word/sound substitution]

Answer 29

Wernicke’s area [Brodmann area 22]

Question 30

• Emotional processing center
• Involved in the cognitive, perception of pain and negative emotions related to pain
• Damage is associated with severe memory loss [amnesia]

Answer 30

Cingulate cortex [Brodmann area 23, 24, 25, 26, 29, 30, 31, 32 and 33]

Question 31

• Located deep inside the lateral fissure (insula)
• Motor activities/programs are mediated
• Emotions that are related to eating and drinking, awareness of body movements, self-image, time perception, auditory and visual sensation processing

Answer 31

insular cortex

Question 32

global aphasia

Answer 32

damage to the insular cortex: