Comm. Disorders in Adults Chapter 2 Flashcards
Known as soma; center of the neuron and contains nucleus (DNA)
Cell body
Small, tree-like structures that help in sending and receiving the signal from another neuron
Dendrite
Distal end of the axon; site for connection between the axon and the other neurons
Presynaptic terminal
Junction/site where two neurons meet
Synapse
Chemical agents that help in transmitting information from one neuron to another across the synaptic cleft
Neurotransmitters
Space between the presynaptic neuron and the post-synaptic neuron
Synaptic Cleft
Protein sheath that covers the axon
Myelin
Formed by linkages of thousands of neurons
Nervous tissue
Cell bodies of neurons and dendrites
Grey matter
Consists of primarily axons
White matter
Cells that provide structural support to neurons and perform other important background functions
Neuroglia (glial cells)
Oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglia and Schwann cells
Glial cells
Brain and Spinal cord
Central nervous system
Chief executive operator/ initiates and regulates all motor, sensory and cognitive processes.
Brain: cerebral hemispheres, cerebellum, brainstem and diencephalon
Carries sensory and motor commands/ connection between brain and the body
Spinal Cord
Skull –> Brain and Vertebral column –> Spinal cord
Membranes covering CNS - 1st later: Bony layer
three layers; Pia mater, dura mater and arachnoid mater
Membranes covering CNS - 2nd layer: Meninges
Inner covering that tightly adheres to the surface of the CNS; carries blood vessels that serves the CNS
Pia mater
2nd layer; delicate membrane separates the pia mater from dura mater
Arachnoid
3rd layer; Thick fibrous tissues
Dura mater
Space between pia mater and arachnoid mater
Sub arachnoid space
Chemical for metabolic processes and acts as a buffer during any injury to the skull
Membranes covering CNS - 3rd layer: Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
System of nerves connected to the brainstem and the spinal cord; includes cranial and spinal nerves
Peripheral nervous system
31 pairs of ______ ______; each one connects the spinal cord to a muscle, organ or gland of the body.
Spinal nerves
12 pairs; they run between the brainstem and the facial & neck regions (two words)
Cranial Nerves
Cranial nerves are important for ______, ________, and _______.
Speech, language and hearing
Both motor movements and sensory information are transferred by these.
Cranial Nerves
What are the 7 cranial nerves important for speech and language production?
V, VII, VIII, IX, X, XI, & XII
Which cerebral hemisphere deals heavily with perception of emotion by processing these non-linguistic components of communication?
Right cerebral hemisphere
Which cerebral hemisphere is responsible for prosody, processing & recognizing faces & facial expressions, ability to attend to stimuli, processing melody and rhythm in music, perception of environmental sounds?
Right cerebral hemisphere.
Which cerebral hemisphere houses language?
Left cerebral hemisphere
Cerebral cortex/cerebral hemispheres; left and right hemispheres.
Cerebrum
Both the hemispheres long fissure
Longitudinal fissure
Band of fibers that connects both the hemispheres.
Corpus callosum
Six lobes of four types - one frontal, one occipital, two parietal and two temporal lobes.
Cerebral lobes
Largest lobe; anterior part of the brain
Frontal lobe
Which lobe activates and controls fine and complex motor activities/ motor abilities including speech production?
The frontal lobe
The frontal lobe controls human executive functions - higher-order cognitive functions such as reasoning, problem-solving, social awareness, planning, and rationalizing. True or False
True
The ability to understand the other person’s mental state
Theory of Mind
The anterior portion of the brain; unique to the human species, has connections with sensory and motor systems for complex behavior. Responsible for emotions such as calmness and friendliness.
Prefrontal Cortex
Controls initiated skilled, delicate voluntary movements (limbs, oral structures etc.)
Primary Motor Cortex
Brocas area: responsible for spoken communication
Premotor cortex
Posterior part of the brain; Visual perception and processing.
Occipital lobe
Primary visual cortex - receives and processes information on depth, shape, color, space, and movement into a single image.
Areas of the occipital lobe
Two lobes on the right and left side; posterior to frontal lobes.
Parietal lobe
Which lobe is responsible for perceiving and integrating sensory and perceptual information and comprehension of oral and written language and performing mathematical calculations?
Parietal Lobe
Area of the parietal lobe that receives and processes sensory information (pain, temperature, touch, pressure, and movement) from receptors of the body.
Primary sensory/somatosensory cortex
Area of the parietal lobe that is for reading, naming, and mathematic abilities.
The inferior portion
Area of parietal lobe that is for sensory processing.
Sensory association cortex
Two lobes on the right and left sides; posterior to frontal lobes and inferior to parietal lobes.
Temporal lobe
Which lobe is responsible for processing auditory information and language comprehension?
Temporal lobe
Analysis of auditory input and recognition of speech sounds.
Auditory processing (temporal lobe)
Area of temporal lobe that processes temporal aspects of speech.
Heschl’s gyrus
Area of temporal lobe that is critical for language comprehension.
Wernicke’s area (receptive speech area)
Beneath the cortex is the _________. It includes the brainstem, cerebellum, thalamus, basal ganglia and the limbic system.
Subcortex
Midbrain, pons and medulla oblongata.
Brainstem
Key transmitter of sensory information to brain and motor information away from the brain
Brainstem
White matter pathways that connect different structures and areas of the brain within a single hemisphere or the same hemisphere.
Association fibers
White matter pathways that connect areas between the two cerebral hemispheres. Example: Corpus callosum.
Commissural fibers
White matter pathways that project from the brain to the spinal cord and transmit the sensory and motor signals.
Projection fibers
System that houses the nutritive and colorless fluid known as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).
Ventricular system
Consists of four ventricles - two large lateral ventricles, a third ventricle, and a fourth ventricle.
Ventricular system
Helps cushion the brain from trauma and is also involved in the production and circulation of CSF
Ventricular system.
Relay station for the cranial nerves supplying the head, face and controls senses.
Brainstem
Which subcortical structure is responsible for metabolism and arousal (three reflexes centers such as cardiac center, vasomotor center and the respiratory center)?
Brainstem
“Little brain”
Cerebellum
Responsible for regulating and coordinating motor and muscular activity - coordinating motor movements, maintaining muscle tone, monitoring movement range and strength and maintain posture & equilibrium.
Cerebellum
Responsible for taking sensory signals from one part of the nervous system and directing them to another part of the nervous system. Also known as the relay station.
Thalamus
This structure consists of a group of nuclei - caudate nucleus, putamen, and globus pallidus. And plays a strong role in movement.
Basal ganglia
Responsible for sense of pleasure, mating & feeding behavior, flight-or-fight response, emotional memory and sense of motivation.
the Limbic system
Bundle of white matter tracts and gray matter housed within the bony vertebral column; Controls the motor plan for the muscles
Spinal cord
Conical point of termination of the spinal cord in the lumbar region.
Conus medullaris
The loose strands of spinal nerves that separate from inferior termination of the spinal cord.
Cauda equina
Production of physical movement that occurs automatically in response to a stimuli.
Reflex
True or False. The brain consumes 60% of the bodies oxygen.
False; it only consumes 20%
True or False. Oxygen nourishes the brain and without oxygen the brain starves and quickly dies.
True
What are the 2 routes that oxygen enters the brain through?
The Internal carotid artery and the vertebral artery.
________ carry oxygenated blood from the heart to the brain.
Arteries
_____ carry deoxygenated blood from the brain tissues back to the heart.
Veins
________ carotid artery supplies blood to the face muscles and to the oral, nasal, and eye cavities.
External
________ carotid artery is a major supplier of blood to the cerebral hemispheres; runs anterior lateral side of the neck splits into anterior, middle and posterior cerebral artery
Internal
Arises from the subclavian artery and supplies the brainstem, cerebellum, occipital lobe, and the temporal lobe.
Vertebral artery
Courses up the spinal column and back of the neck to join and form a basilar artery - supplies occipital lobe and inferior portion of temporal lobe.
Vertebral artery
The vertebral basilar system and the carotid artery form a circular array of blood vessels; Also helps to promote equal blood pressure and blood flow to all areas of the brain
Circle of Willis
Acts as a waste disposal system moving the deoxygenated blood away from the brain and used CSF away from the ventricular system.
The venous system
- Superficial cerebral vein - blood from the cerebral cortex and subcortical white matter. 2. Deep cerebral veins - blood from subcortical gray matter [thalamus and hippocampus]
2 main cerebral veins in the Venous System.
