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Anatomy 317 > Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Nervous Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

What is the endocrine system responsible for?

A

Chemical message (hormones) that are secreted into the blood

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2
Q

What is the nervous system responsible for?

A

Electrical and chemical signals, sending messages cell to cell

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3
Q

What are the three main functions of the nervous system?

A

Collecting information
Process and evaluate
Initiate response

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4
Q

What are the subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

Central Nervous System (CNS) brain and spinal cord

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) cranial nerves, spinal nerves, and ganglia

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5
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of nerve fibers wrapped in fibrous CT

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6
Q

What is a ganglia?

A

A knot like swelling in a nerve when neuron cell bodies are concentrated

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7
Q

What does the sensory division do for the PNS?

A

Carries signal from the receptors to the CNS

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8
Q

What does the Motor division do for the PNS?

A

Carries the signal from the CNS to the glands and muscles

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9
Q

True or false -

Visceral is referring to the internal organs

A

True

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10
Q

________ is related to the skin, muscle, bone and joints

A

Somatic

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11
Q

What does the visceral motor division do?

A

Signals to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle, visceral responses and reflexes

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12
Q

________ which is apart of the ______ ____ ____ is used for calming.

A

Parasympathetic which is a part of the visceral motor division is used for calming.

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13
Q

_____ ______ ______ sends signals to the skeletal muscle which allows for muscle contraction and somatic reflexes.

A

Somatic motor division

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14
Q

What does the visceral sensory division do?

A

Carriers signals from the viscera to CNS

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15
Q

True or false -

The somatic sensory division carries signals from the skin to the CNS

A

True - the somatic sensory division carries signals from the receptors to the CNS

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16
Q

What are the universal properties of neurons?

A

Excitability (irritation)
Conductivity
Secretion

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17
Q

What are other properties of neurons that make them different from other cells?

A

They have a high metabolic rate - high rate of O2 and glucose consumption
Extreme longevity –> last a lifetime
Nonmitotic (mostly) they do not divide after they mature

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18
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Only found in the CNS and connect the motor and sensory pathways.
They receive signals from many neurons and carry out decision making

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19
Q

______ is the body of the nerve cell and control center.

A

Neurosoma

20
Q

What is found in the neursoma?

A 
Lots of mitochondria needed for energy
No centrioles (mature meurons) no mitosis
21
Q

What is the cytoplasm of the axon called?

A

Axoplasm

22
Q

What is the plasma membrane of the axon?

A

Axoteomma

23
Q

What branches off the neurosoma?

A

Dendrites

24
Q

What is the purpose of the dendrites?

A

To receives signals.
The more dendrites there are the more information that is getting into the cell.
This is the pathway for reception and processing

25
Q

What structure transmits nerve impulses away from the cell body and towards other cells?

A

Axon

26
Q

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

A

Multipolar
Bipolar
Unipolar
Anaxonic

27
Q

What is the difference between a mutlipolar and bipolar neuron?

A

Multi has one axon with many dendrites, It is the most common in the CNS and makes up motor neurons
Bipolar have one axon and one dendrite and are used for sensory. Found in the inner ear, retina and olfactory cells

28
Q

______ neuron has a single process leading away from the neurosoma that branches like a T and makes up sensory cells from skin and organs to the spinal cord

A

Unipolar

29
Q

______ neurons have many dendrites but no axon and are found in the retina, brain, and adrenal glands

A

Anaxonic

30
Q

What type of cell is capable of mitosis and outnumbers neurons by 10 to 1?

A

Neuroglia or Glial cells

31
Q

What are the functions of glial cells?

A

Protect neurons and help them function
Bind neurons together and form framework tissue
Guide migrating neurons to their destinations within embryo
Insulation - prevents neurons from touching each other which makes the pathways more clear.

32
Q

What type of glial cells is found in the CNS?

A

Oligodendrocytes
Ependymal cells
Microglia
Astrocytes

33
Q

What do oligordendrocytes do?

A

They are a large bulb shaped cell that forms myelin sheaths around nerves in the CNS.

34
Q

______ line internal cavities of the brain and secrete and circulate CSF.

A

Ependymal cells are found in the choroid plexus

Look like cuboidal epithelium but are not.

35
Q

________ are the least abundant of the glial cells and are phagocytes that look for debris and damage.

A

Microglia

36
Q

What glial cell type is the most abundant?

A

Astrocytes

37
Q

What are the seven functions of astrocytes?

A

Supportive framework
Blood brain barrier
Monitor neuron activity - regulate blood flow
Secrete nerve growth factors
Stabilizes chemical environment of CNS
Adds or eliminates synapse
Astrocytosis or sclerosis - neuron damage which forms scare tissue

38
Q

Where are astrocytes found?

A

Covers the brain surface and most non synaptic regions of neurons in the grey matter.

39
Q

What are the types of neuroglia found in the PNS?

A

Schwann cells

Satellite

40
Q

What is the difference between Schwann cells and Satellite cells?

A

Schwann wrap nerve fibers of the PNS to form myelin sheath. This provides insulation and increases speed of impulse
Satellite cells surround the neurosoma in ganglia in the PNS, provide electrical insulation, and regulate the chemical environment.

41
Q

What does a myelin sheath do?

A

Insulates the nerve fiber. think of it as electrical tape.

42
Q

What produces myelin sheath?

A

Myilination which happens during fetal development and proceeds rapidly during infancy

43
Q

What is the difference between myelin sheaths in the PNS vs the CNS?

A

The PNS has Schwann cells that wrap around a single nerve fiber. There is no cytoplasm between the layers. The neurolemma is the thick layer on the outermost part of the sheath. This holds the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
The CNS has oligrodendrocytes that wrap several nerve fibers. They are unable to move around a fiber like the PNS so the myulination spirals inward.

44
Q

What is the axon hillock?

A

It is at the base of the neorosoma and is the site where initiation begins.

45
Q

Why is the myelin shealth segmented?

A

It transfers the signal fast and also like a frog jumping. It is a way to make sure the signal is strong enough because id it is not it will not open the Na+ channel on the next shealth meaning the signal would stop.

46
Q

What are two factors that influence the speed of a signal?

A

Diameter of the fiber - the bigger it is the faster it is

Presents of myelin - speed signal conduction

Anatomy 317 (19 decks)

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