Joints Flashcards
How are joints classified?
By how they are connected
What are the four classifications for joints?
Bony
Fibrous
Cartilaginous
Synovial
What two types of cartilage are found in joints?
Hyaline and fibrocartilage
What type of joints are relatively immovable?
Fibrous joint and they are called synarthosis
___________ joints are slightly moveable.
Cartilaginous
Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
What are free moving joints?
Synovial joints
Diarthrosis - freely movable
Bony joints are immobile joints when two gaps _________ together.
Ossify
What are the three types of fibrous joints?
Suture
Syndesmoses
Gamphoses
True or false -
The fibrous joint that bind two bones bound by sheets of fibrous cartilage are sutures.
False -
Joints that bind two bones by sheets of fibrous cartilage are called syndesmoses
What type of fibrous joint occurs between skull bones?
Sutures
How are sutures classifies?
Serrate
Lap (squamous)
Plane (Butt)
Explain how serrate sutures connect
They interlock in wavy lines.
Ex: coronal, sagittal, and lambdoid sutures
What type of suture has straight, non overlapping edges?
Plane (butt) think of intermaxillary suture
Describe what a lap or squamous suture looks like.
Overlapping beveled edges that are found at the temporal and parietal bones.
What is a main function for syndesmoses fibrous joints?
They allow greater mobility then sutures.
Ex: the radius and ulna membranes they allow for pronation and supranational of the forearm. Tibia and fibula have the same thing but less motion.
What is the syndemoses made of?
They are formed with long collagenous fibers
What type of fibrous joint has very little movement and is used to hold teeth into the mandible and maxilla?
Gomphoses
What is amphiarthrosis?
Cartilaginous joints
What is it called when two bones are joined by cartilage?
Cartilaginous joints or amphoarthrosis
What two cartilages could cartilaginous joints made of?
Hyaline and fibrocatrilage
________ cartilaginous joint is the joint that is made of hyaline cartilage and is found where the first rib articulates with the sternum.
Synochondrosis
_________ cartilaginous joint is joined by fibrocartilage and found in the pubic symphonic.
Symphysis
What is the most movable type of joint?
Synovial joint (disrthrosis)
What are the four major parts of a synovial joint?
Joint cavity
Synovial fluid
Articular cartilage
Joint capsule of CT
True or false -
The joint cavity is the narrow space separating bone.
True
________ fluid is used to lubricate and reduce friction in joints.
Synovial fluid
What type of cartilage is in synovial joints?
Articular cartilage that is made of hyaline cartilage.
What makes up the joint capsule?
Fibrous capsule
Synovial membrane
True or false -
The synovial membrane encloses the cavity and connects to the bone and is continuous with the periostem.
False -
The fibrous capsule is connected to the bone and flush with the periostem
What is the inner membrane of the joint capsule?
Synovial membrane that secretes the synovial fluid.
What other structures help synovial joints?
Tendons - are tough and are used for stabilizing
Ligaments - connect bone to bone
Bursa - fibrous sac made for cushioning
What are bursas? Explain
Fibrous sacs that are filled with synovial fluid used to cushion and prevent friction. They are found adjacent to muscles, bone and skin, and where tendons passes over the bone.
What is range of motion?
The degrees through which joint can move.
How is range of motion determined?
Structure of articular surfaces
Strength of ligaments and joint capsules - Stretching of ligaments increase the range of motion
Action of the muscles and tendons - nervous system monitors joint position and muscle tone.
What are the six types of synovial joints?
Multiaxial - ball and socket
Biaxial - condylar, saddle, and plane
Monaxial - hinge, and pivot
Explain ball and socket joints
In the shoulders and hips, one bone with hemispherical head, and it is the only multiaxial joint in the body
Explain condylar joints
Oval convex surface on one bone. Fits in complementary depression on the other. It is biaxial think of the phalanges and the metacarpals.
Explain saddle joints
Made of a saddle shaped surface and is biaxial
Explain plane (gliding) joints.
Surfaces that are flat or slightly concave and convex. Very complex movements and is usually biaxial
Explain hinge joints
One bone with a convex surface that is monaxial
Explain pivot joints
Bone spins on a longitudinal axis and is monoaxial
What three joint types are involved with the temporomandibular joint?
It is a combination of condylar, hinge and plane joints.
Explain the temporomandibluar joint
The synovial cavity of the joint is divided into two different chambers, the superior and inferior.
The articular disc allows for lateral and medial excursion.
What two ligaments support and join the TMJ and what do they do?
Lateral ligament - prevents posterior displacement. Goes from temporal to mandible
Sphenomandible ligament - medial side of jaw. Connects sphenoid to mandible
What falls under TMJ syndrome symptoms?
Clicking and sounds
Pain from jaw and down the neck, shoulder, and back
Facial pain, severe headaches vertigo, tinnitus (ringing in the ears)
What are causes of TMJ syndrome?
Psychological tension
Misalignment of teeth –> genetic
Arthritis
Injury
What tendons stabilizes the glenohumeral joint together?
Bicep brachii tendon (most important) rotator cuff tendons
What makes up the rotator cuff?
SITS -
Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres Minor, Subscabular
How is the glenohumeral joint weak?
It is protected on all sides but the most inferior side. This means it can be downwardly displaced which happens when the arm is abducted and then gets pressure from above.
What type of joint is the elbow?
Hinge joint
Explain the articulation of the elbow.
It has two articulating surfaces. One being the humeralulnar joint which is the trochlea and the trochlear notch. The other being the humeroradial joint which is the capitulum and the head of the radius.
Both of these articulations are within one joint capsule
Proximal radioulnar joint allows for pronation and supination. This joint is a pivot joint that has articulation at the head of the radius and the radial notch of the ulna. This joint is held together with the annular ligament that encircles the radial head.
What stabilizes the knee joint?
Quadriceps tendon (in the front) Tendon of semimebronosus muscle on the read thigh Lateral and medial menisci (c shaped cartilage within the joint capsule that absorbs shock and prevents side to side motion)
What are the extracapsular ligaments?
Fibular collateral ligament
Tibial collateral ligament
What are the intracapsular ligaments?
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)
Posterior cruciate ligament (PCL)
Explain the knees ability to lock and unlock and its importance.
It is important because we are stand on two legs (bipedalism)
When the knees are fully extended the ACL allows for locking and the femur rotates medially on the tibia, and the major knee ligaments are tight.
To unlock the knee the popliteus contracts and rotates the femur lateral. This lateral rotation of the femur untwists the ligaments
What are the major problems with the knee joint?
It is vulnerable to rotation and horizontal stress (especially when flexed)
The major injury of the knee is a tare to the ACL. This is a slow healing injury because there is little blow flow to the highly cartilaginous area of the body.
What is the difference between autograft and allograft?
Autograft is the repairing of the ACL with your own material which would be from the patellar ligament or hamstring tendon.
Allograft is donated material from a donor body.
What is the difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis?
Osteoarthritis is when the articular cartilage starts to deteriorate, and this is the most common kind.
Rheumatoid arthritis is when the synovial membrane becomes inflames and thickens. This often happens from autoimmune diseases.
