Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Anatomy 317 > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What wraps the external neurilemma (nerve fibers)?

A

Endoneurirm which is loose CT

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a fascicle?

A

Bundle of nerve fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

True or false -

Perineurium is what wraps the fascicle.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is made of dense irregular CT and wraps the entire nerve?

A

Epineurium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What penetrate the CT covering on the nerves?

A

Blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there?

A

31 pairs (mixed nerves)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are spinal cords formed of?

A

Two roots - posterior root for sensory input to the spinal cord
Anterior root motor output out of the spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

When the roots unite within the vertebral column it forms ________

A

Spinal nerve

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Where do the spinal nerves exit?

A

Intervertebral foramen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the three branches of nerves that come from the vertebra?

A

Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus
Maningral branch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

True or false -

The anterior ramus supplies the muscles, skin, and joints in the spine or back

A

False -

The posterior ramus supplies the muscles, skin, and joints in the spine or back

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the anterior ramus do?

A

Supplies anterior and lateral skin, muscle, and limbs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the maningeal branch do?

A

It reenters the vertebral canal and supplies nerves to meninges, vertebra, and spinal ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is a plexuses (web)?

A

When anterior ramus branch and re-connect repeatedly.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What does the cervical plexus in the neck supply? (C1-C5)

A

Supplies neck and phrenic nerve to the diaphragm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What does the Brachial plexus near the shoulder supply? (C5-T1)

A

Supplies the upper limbs and some of the shoulder and neck

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

True or false -

The Lumbar plexus supplies the entirety of the lower limbs

A

False -

The lumbar plexus supplies the abdominal walls, anterior thigh, and genitalia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does the sacral plexus supply to? (L4, L5, and S1 to S4)

A

Supplies the other parts of the lower limbs and trunk that the lumbar plexus does not.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does the coccgeal plexus supply? (S4, S5, Co1)

A

Supplies the skin adjacent to the sacrotuberous ligament

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the somatosensory function of spinal nerves?

A

To carry sensory signals from bones, joints, muscles, and skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is the motor function of the spinal nerves?

A

To stimulate muscle contractions , along with autonomic fibers to blood vessels, muscles, and other organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are four things that happen during reflexes?

A

Quick - simple neural pathways
Involuntary - without control
Stereotyped - same every time
Stimulation - needed to produce reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the somatic reflex arc steps?

A

Receptor - Sensory nerve ending or simple sense organ in the skin, muscle or tendon (simple-> heat, pain)
Afferent (sensory) nerve fibers - Axon carries signals –> (posterior horn) spinal cord/ brainstorm
Integrating center - Contact between neurons and gray matter
Efferent (motor) nerve fibers - (anterior horn) signal to skeletal muscle
Effector - Carries out response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What makes up the grey matter in the brain?

A

House the motor neurons and interneuron cell bodies, dendrites, and unmyelinated axons.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What parts of the brain is made up of grey matter?

A

Cerebral cortex (surface of adult brain), Cerebral nuclei within the white matter

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is white matter made of?

A

Bundles of axons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Where is white matter found in the brain?

A

Deep in the grey matter.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What is the function of white matter?

A

Connect one part of the brain with another using tracts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

________ is the connective tissue that surrounds the brain.

A

Meninges

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the three functions of the meninges?

A

Separate the brain from the bone
Protect blood vessels (some drain the blood from the brain)
Contain and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What are the three layers of the meninges?

A

Pia mater: thin, innermost layer attached to the brain
Arachnoid mater: web of fibers, middle layer
Dura mater: tough outer layer with two sublayers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What are the two layers in the Dura mater?

A

Superficial periosteal layer: layers are fused where they separate from the dural sinus
Deep meningeal layer: Extends into the spinal cord to form dural sheath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is the cranial dural septa?

A

Menigeal layer that extends into the brain to form double-layered dura

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

_______ projects into the longitudinal fissure and separates the left and right cerebral hemisphere

A

Falx cerebri

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

________ is the horizontal fold that separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum

A

Tentorium cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

______ separates the left and right cerebellar hemispheres

A

Falx cerebelli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is the purpose of the cranial dural septa and what does it attach to?

A

Partition and support to the brain and attaches to the cranial bones at the foremen magnum, sella turcica, critsal galli

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a dural venous sinus?

A

A sinus in the brain that is filled with blood, they are filled by veins that drain and into the internal jugular veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What are ventricles?

A

Internal chambers within the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is cerbrospinal fluid?

A

Clear, colorless liquid that fills the ventricles, canals, and covers external surface of the CNS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

True or false -

The choroid plexus is a spongy mass of blood capillaries on the floor/wall of each ventricle.

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

What are the functions of the CSF?

A

Buoyancy - suspended in place by fibroblasts in arachnoid mater, allows brain to attain considerable size without being impaired by its own weight, without out the CSF the pressure would kill the nervous tissue
Protection - From striking cranium with head it jolted
Chemical Stability - CSF flow removes metabolic waste from nervous tissue and regulates the chemical environment

43
Q

What is the flow of the cerebrospinal fluid? (8 steps)

A
  1. CSF is secreated by choroid plexus in each lateral ventricle
  2. CSF flows through interventricular foramina into the third ventricle
  3. Choroid plexus in third ventricle adds more CSF
  4. CSF flows down cerebral aqueduct to fourth ventricle
  5. Choroid plexus in fourth ventricle adds more CSF
  6. CSF flows out two lateral apertures and one medium aperture
  7. CSF fills subarachnoid space and bathes external surfaces of the brain and spinal cord
  8. At archnoid granulations, CSF is reabsorbed into venous blood of dural venous sinous
44
Q

What is the function of the blood brain barrier?

A

Regulates what substances enter the brain.

45
Q

What is the blood brain barrier made of, how is it made and what is the significance of this?

A

Made of astrocytes that cover capillaries with perivascular feet, which causes endothelial cells to form a tight junction. This tight junction makes substances pass though the cells rather then around them

46
Q

What things can go through the blood brain barrier and what things cannot?

A

Permeable: water, glucose, Co2, alcohol, caffeine

Non permeable: antibiotics and cancer drugs

47
Q

True or false -

The brain stem is apart of the spinal cord

A

False - it is between the cerebrum and lower body that functions as a passageway for tracts

48
Q

What are the three regions of the brain stem?

A

Medulla oblongata
Pons
Midbrain

49
Q

What is the reticular formation and what are the functions?

A

It is a web of grey matter that lacks boundaries and is in all levels of the brain stem.
Helps with somatic motor control - muscle tone, balance and posture.
Central pattern generators
Gaze centers - track and fixate on objects
Pain modulation
Sleep and consciousness
Habitiuation - ignores repetitive stimui

50
Q

What part of the brain do all ascending and descending fibers pass through?

A

Medulla oblongata

51
Q

What three sutonomic nuclei does the medulla contain? What do they do?

A

Cardiac center - regulates heart rate and its strength of contraction
Vasomotor center - control blood pressure be regulating contractions and relaxation of smooth muscle in walls of arterioles
Medullary respiratory center - regulates respiratory rate

52
Q

What are the parts of the posterior medulla and what are the functions?

A

Nucleus cuneatus (upper limbs) and nucleus gracilis (lower limbs) - relay somatic sensory info to thalamus

53
Q

What are the parts of the anterior medulla and what are the functions?

A

Pyramids - descending fibers, motor signals to skeletal muscles
Olives - relay center for signals to cerebellum, used for balance and coordination

54
Q

What centers are found in the pons?

A

Sleep and respiratory centers
Pontine respiratory centers - regulate breathing (skeletal muscle)
Superior olivary complex- Nuclei receive auditory input and locate sound source

55
Q

What are the main sections of the midbrain and what are there functions?

A

Tegmentum - Regulation and coordination of fine motor activities
Substantia nigia - produce dopamine tat prevent unwanted body movements
Tectum – Reflexes for blinking, focusing, pupillary dilation and constrictions. Tracking movements with eyes. Auditory reflex

56
Q

What is the second largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebellum

57
Q

True or false -

The cerebellum has more then half the brains neurons

A

True

58
Q

What is the function of the cerebrallar peduncles?

A

Connect the brainstem and the cerebellum. They are fibers that carry signals toward and away

59
Q

What are the major functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination of fine-tune skeletal movement
Stores memories of previously learned movement patterns
Adjust muscle actives to maintain equilibrium and posture

60
Q

What are the three parts to the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus and epithalamus

61
Q

What surrounds the third ventricle?

A

Diencephalon

62
Q

What is the relay center for all conscious sensory impulses?

A

Thalamus

63
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for olfactory reflexes and emotional responses

A

Hypothalamus

64
Q

What are the functions of the hypothalmic nuclei?

A 
Hormone secretion 
Autonomic effects - influences heart rate, blood pressure, gastrointestinal secretion, motility
Thermoregulation - Shivering, sweating
Food or water intake 
Sleep and circadian rhythms 
Memory
Emotional behavior and sexual response
65
Q

What part of the brain houses the pineal gland?

A

Epithalamus - It secretes melatonin

66
Q

What is the largest part of the brain?

A

Cerebrum

67
Q

What are the lobes of the cerebrum?

A

Frontal, Parietal, Occipital, Temporal, and insula

68
Q

What is the cerebral cortex?

A

The outer portion of the cerebrum

69
Q

What are the functions of the cerebral cortex?

A 
Higher brain functions
Interpret sensory impulses
Stores and recall memory
Control thought, intelligence, and personality 
Voluntary movement
Consciousness
70
Q

What separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum?

A

Corpus Callosum

71
Q

True or False -
The frontal lobe is responsible for voluntary motor function, motivation, aggression, sense of smell, mood, personality, and decision making

A

True

72
Q

True or False -

The parietal lobe is responsible for reception and integration of visual input

A

False - the occipital lobe is responsible for reception and integration of visual input

73
Q

True or false -

The temporal lobe is responsible for reception and evaluation for smell and hearing

A

True

74
Q

True or false -

The parietal lobe if responsible for reception and evaluation of sensory info

A

True

75
Q

What is the function of the insula?

A

Helps in understanding spoken language, taste, and integrates information from visceral receptors

76
Q

True or false -

Central white matter can process information

A

False -

Central white matter can not process information

77
Q

What is the central white matter made up of?

A

Myelinated nerve fibers (axons)

78
Q

What is the purpose of the central white matter?

A

Full of tracks that are used to communicate between different areas, info between sensory association and motor areas, and connects the two hemispheres

79
Q

What are the three types of tracts and the function?

A

Association tract - connects areas within on hemisphere
Commissural tracts - connects two hemispheres, corpus collosum
Projection tracts - connects cerebrum to lower areas like the spinal cord

80
Q

What are the two types of association tracts?

A

Arcuate - fibers within a lobes

Longitudinal fascouli - connect different lobes of same hemisphere

81
Q

What three large sections of the brain are found in the cerebrum?

A

Cerebral cortex
Basal nuclei
Limbic system

82
Q

What are the functions of the lymbic system?

A 
Processes and experiences emotions
Memory formation (learning)
83
Q

What are the three big parts of the lymbic system?

A

Cingulate gyrus - arches over corpus callosum in frontal and parietal lobes
Hippocampus - in medial temporal lobe
Amygdala - immediately rostral to hippocampus

84
Q

What is the emotional center in the lymbic system?

A

Amygdala stores and codes memories based on emotions, this can be from pain, pleasure, sorrow

85
Q

What part of the lymbic system is responsible for learning and memory?

A

Hippocampus - makes short term memory into long term memory. Emotionally charged events

86
Q

What are the Basal (cerebral) nuclei made of?

A

Grey matter that are deep in the brain, lateral to the thalamus

87
Q

What is the function of basal nuclei?

A

Integrate motor commands, correct muscle groups activated

88
Q

What are the parts of the Corpus stratum and what are the functions?

A

Caudate nuclei - helps coordinate walking (arm and leg movement)
Lentiform nucleus - involved in movement and muscle tone

89
Q

What is the function of primary cortices?

A

Receive input from sense organs/brain stem

Issue motor nerve fibers to brain stem

90
Q

What is the function of association cortices?

A

Interpretation of sensory input
Planning of motor output
Thought processing
Storage/ retrieval of memories

91
Q

What are the special senses and what part of the brain is responsible for them?

A

Vision - primary visual cortex, occipital lobe. Visual association area, posterior parietal/inferior temporal lobe
Hearing - Primary auditory cortex, temporal lobe. Auditory association area, temporal lobe
Equilibrium - Primary, cerebellum and brain stem nuclei. Association area, Thalamus
Taste - primary gustatory cortex, inferior end of post central gyrus
Smell- Primary olfactory cortex, medial surface of temporal lobe
Orbitofrontal cortex - gustatory and olfactory (and visual) association

92
Q

What provides awareness of stimulus?

A

Primary somatosensory cortex

93
Q

Sensory regions are connected to _____ areas via _______ areas.

A

Sensory regions are connect to motor areas via association areas

94
Q

What makes cognitive sense of stimui and passes information to the other parts of the brain (emotion, memories)?

A

Somatosensory association area

95
Q

What part of the frontal lobe has the intention to contract skeletal muscle? What are its other functions?

A

Motor association - plan behavior, sequence muscle contractions

96
Q

What are the functions of the prefrontal cortex?

A

Motivation, foresight to plan and initiate movements, emotional behavior, mood

97
Q

What is the purpose of the frontal eye field?

A

To control and regulate eye movements

98
Q

What cortex is responsible for voluntary skeletal muscle activity?

A

Primary motor cortex

99
Q

What are the functions of the basal nuclei?

A

Filters signals from cerebral cortex
Planning and execution
Practiced behaviors - writing, typing, driving
Walking and tying shoes

100
Q

What are the functions of the cerebellum?

A

Coordination
Learning motor skills, maintain muscle tone and posture, coordinates eye and body movements
Monitors body position

101
Q

What part of the brain recognizes and comprehends spoken and written language?

A

Wiernicki area

Formulated plan to speak based of memories and how language works

102
Q

What part of the brain is responsible for the muscular movement involved in speech?

A

Motor speech area
Generated motor progra for muscles, cheeks, and tongue to produce language
Program sent to primary motor cortex

103
Q

Explain motor nerve tract pathways

A

Direct pathways - maintenance of muscle tone, control and speed of fine motor skills
Indirect pathways- less precise movements, body coordination/posture, can aid direct pathways

Anatomy 317 (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions