Nervous System Flashcards
Types of CVA’s
Thrombotic
Stenotic
Embolic
Allodynia
Painful response to a non-painful stimulus such as simple touch or pressure from clothing
Aphasia
Unable to understand or express thoughts
Apraxia
Loss of the ability to carry out learned movements, despite having the desire and the physical ability to perform them
Ataxia
Uncoordinated movements, loss of voluntary muscle control
Athethosis
Involuntary movements, continuous, slow writhing
Atrophy
Decrease in size or wasting away of body part or tissue
Bradykinesia
Abnormal slowness of movements, sluggish responses
Chorieform movements
Continuous, not rhythmical or repetitive, moves from one muscle to another
Dexterous (fine) motor function
Skilled physical movements; e.g., grasping small objects, fine manipulation
Diplegia
Paralysis of corresponding parts on both sides of the body (bilateral UEs or LEs)
Dysarthria
Disordered speech articulation, can be a bulbar sign
Dysphagia
Disordered swallowing; may be painful; can be a bulbar sign
Dysesthesia
Distortion of any sense, especially touch, an unpleasant abnormal sensation, produced by a normal stimuli
Gait
Pattern of ambulation; manner or style of walking
Gross motor function
Large motor movements (as opposed to fine)
Hemiparesis
Weakness on one side of the body
Hemiplegia
Complete paralysis on one side of the body
Palsy
Complete or partial muscle paralysis
Paralysis
Weakness or total loss of motor function; loss of ability to move
Paraplegia
Paralysis of both LEs
Paresis
Weakness or incomplete paralysis
Paresthesia
Abnormal sensation such as burning, prickling, or pain
Quadriplegia
Paralysis of all four extremities
Station
Body position when standing
Tremor
Involuntary shaking movements
Three parts of the brain
Cerebrum or cerebral cortex
Brain stem
Cerebellum
Cerebrum or cerebral cortex
Controls voluntary movements, language, memory, emotions, personality and behavior
Responsible for: Thinking and learning Creativity Five senses Problem- solving Decision making
Brainstem
Controls eye movements, breathing, heart rate, facial movements, and swallowing
Cerebellum
Coordinates the body’s movements, most muscles, learned skills, repetitive motor (typing) and maintains equilibrium
Peripheral nervous system (PNS)
Carries the messages between the CNS (spinal cord) and other parts of the body.
It carries a combination of motor, sensory, and autonomic fibers
3 types of axons carries by the peripheral nerves
Motor, sensory, and autonomic
Somatic Nervous System is
Voluntary
Autonomic Nervous System is
Involuntary
Epilepsy
Neurons generate uncoordinated electrical discharges
Ictus
Seizure itself, loss of awareness, loss of bladder control or abnormal behavior, or isolated refined motor activities
Post-ictal state
Confused, tired, muscle aches, want to sleep, and fatigued
Partial seizure
Begin in a focal or discrete area of the brain. Their effect on consciousness varies
Types: simple, complex partial (dyscognitive), partial Seizures evolving to secondary Generalized seizures
Generalized seizures
Abnormal electrical discharge originate from a larger area of the brain, usually both hemispheres
Always have associated disturbance of consciousness
Motor activity during the seizure will vary
Types: absence (petit mal) seizures
Generalized tonic-clonic (grand mal seizures)
Status Epilepticus
Prolonged repetitive seizure activity, lasting more then 20-30 min
Patient unconscious and may stop breathing
Convulsive
Narcolepsy
Excessive daytime sleepiness, cataplexy = sudden involuntary loss of muscle tone, Hypnogogic hallucinations = vivid dreamlike hallucinations that occurs as one is falling asleep, sleep paralysis= inability to perform voluntary movements or talk either in sleep onset or at awake awakening, disturbed nocturnal sleep
Migraines
Headache that lasts 4-72 hrs
Pseudoseizures
No objective evidence and we evaluate under mental listings 12.00
Vascular insult to brain (CVA) or stroke
This is internal damage to brain. Occurs due to blood supply to part of the brain or when a blood vessel in the brain burst, spilling blood into/around the brain cells
Types of ischemic CVAs
Thrombotic-blood clots
Stenotic- vessels becomes atherosclerotic and closes
Embolic- clot from another area migrates to a cerebral vessel and blocks it
Transient ischemic attack (TIA)
Transient neuro dysfunction episode w/ vision loss, speech difficulty, and weakness.
Lasts less then 24 hrs
Benign brain tumors
Neoplasm- abnormal change in development and function of cells, resulting in a nonfunctional mass of tissue or tumor
Non-malignant
Parkinsonian Syndrome
60+ Characterized by: Resting tremor Bradykinesia Postural instability and abnormal gait Muscle rigidity
Slowly progressive degenerative CNS d/o
Cerebral Palsy (CP)
This is a group of neurological D/Os that appear in infancy/early childhood and permanently affect body movement, muscle coordination, and balance
Multiple sclerosis (MS)
This is an unpredictable CNS disease that ranges from benign to devastating, as communication between the brain and other parts of the body is disrupted.
Characterized by recurrent, multifocal, inflammatory CNS lesions that produce a loss of myelin and axonal damage
1st sign of impairment is vision impairment
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) or Lou Gehrig’s disease
This is a progressive, invariably fatal neurological disease that attacks the neurons responsible for controlling voluntary muscles
Respiratory failure is usually cause of death
Myasthenia Gravis
This is a chronic progressive (autoimmune) neurological D/O characterized by: chronic fatigue, muscular weakness w/ repetitive use, muscles in the face become weak
Muscular dystrophy
This is a group of 30+ genetic diseases characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
Peripheral Neuropathy
This is damage to the peripheral nervous system-can affect motor, sensory, or autonomic fibers
Mononeuropathy
Single peripheral nerve is damaged resulting in pain, weakness, and parasthesias in nerve distribution
Polyneuropathy
Multiple peripheral nerves damaged; often affecting motor, sensory, and vasomotor fibers simultaneously
Neurodegenerative D/Os
This covers a range of D/Os that primarily affect the neurons in the brain
Alzheimer’s is one such D/O.
Chronic progressive
Alzheimer’s disease
Progressive that develops over years classified under dementias characterized by cognitive and behavioral
Nervous system
Central nervous System (CNS) - Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)-somatic Nervous System (voluntary)-autonomic Nervous System (involuntary)- sympathetic nervous system (controls organs in time of distress) - parasympathetic Nervous System (controls organs when body is at rest)
