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DDE > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

Alimentary Organs

A

Liver, Gallbladder, Pancreas

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2
Q

Digestive System

A

Processes and absorbs nutrients and eliminates non-absorbable waste products

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3
Q

Hiatal Hernia

A

The distal portion of the esophagus protrudes upward through the weakest opening in the muscular diaphragm

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4
Q

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD)

A

Chronic reflux of gastric contents into distal esophagus

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5
Q

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A

Occurs in stomach and duodenum and caused by Helicobacter Pylori, a bacteria found in the lining of the stomach

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6
Q

Cirrhosis

A

A chronic inflammatory d/o in which the liver enlarges, then subsequently shrinks, leaving it scarred (fibrosed) nodular, and dense, w/ loss of its normal structure

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7
Q

Abscess

A

A localized collection of pus in a cavity formed by the disintegration of tissue

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8
Q

Absorption

A

The uptake of substances into or across tissues, as in the uptake from the intestinal lumen of fluids, solutes, proteins, fats, and other nutrients, into intestinal epithelial cells, blood, lump, or interstitial fluids of the intestine (mostly in small intestine)

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9
Q

Albumin

A

A blood plasma protein that is produced in the liver. It forms a large proportion of all plasma. Albumin helps maintain oncotic pressure and transports hormones, fatty acids, and bilirubin

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10
Q

Alimentary Canal

A

A tube that extends throughout the length of the torso; also known as the digestive tract, or gastrointestinal tract.

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11
Q

Anastomosis

A

1) a communication between two vessels by collateral channels
2) An opening created by surgical traumatic, or pathological means between two normally distinct spaces or organs

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12
Q

Anemia

A

A reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm, in the quantity of hemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. Of blood. Anemia occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is distributed

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13
Q

Anorexia

A

Lack of desire for food, especially as the result of disease

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14
Q

Ascites

A

Effusion and accumulation of serous fluids in the abdominal cavity

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15
Q

Atresia

A

Absence or closure of a normal orifice or passage

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16
Q

Barium

A

(Barium Sulphate) a bulky, fine, white powder, without odor or taste, used as a contrast medium in x-rays

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17
Q

Bile

A

A brownish or greenish-yellow, bitter, alkaline fluid secreted by the liver and emptied into the small intestine through the gallbladder and bile ducts; functions to neutralize the acidity of the upper small intestine and to act as a detergent, dissolving cholesterol and the products of fat digestion

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18
Q

Biliary

A

Pertaining to the bile ducts or gallbladder

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19
Q

Bilirubin

A

A bile pigment. It is a breakdown of the iron constituent of hemoglobin, mainly formed from the degradation of red blood cells. Bilirubin normally circulates in plasma and is taken up by the liver to form bile pigment. Causes Jaundice

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20
Q

Cardiac Sphincter

A

The ring-like muscle surrounding the esophagus where it opens into the stomach.

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21
Q

Cecum

A

The first part of the ascending colon the forms a dilated pouch into which open the ileum and the appendix.

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22
Q

Cholecystectomy

A

Surgical removal of the gallbladder

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23
Q

Cholecystitis

A

Inflammation of the gallbladder

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24
Q

Cholelithiasis

A

The presence of gallstones

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25
Q

Chronic Liver disease

A

Any of a variety of liver disorders that have persisted for a long time; e.g., cirrhosis, hepatitis, generally over 6 mo.

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26
Q

Colectomy

A

Excision of a portion of the colon (partial colectomy) or of the entire colon (complete or total colectomy)

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27
Q

Colitis

A

Inflammation of the colon

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28
Q

Colon

A

The part of the large intestine which extends from the cecum to the rectum

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29
Q

Colon, ascending

A

Portion of the colon between the cecum and the right colic flexure (the bend in the colon at which the ascending colon becomes the traverse colon)

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30
Q

Colon, descending

A

Portion of the colon between the left colic flexure and the sigmoid colon (the bending the colon at which the transverse colon becomes descending colon)

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31
Q

Colon, sigmoid

A

The part of the colon, largely in the pelvis, that extends from the descending colon to the rectum

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32
Q

Crohn’s disease

A

Full thickness inflammation of any portion of the GI with ulceration and scarring of unknown etiology

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33
Q

Dilatation

A

The condition, as in an orifice or tubular structure, of being expanded or stretched beyond normal dimensions

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34
Q

Distention

A

Expansion or enlargement of an organ or structure

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35
Q

Diverticulum

A

A sac or pouch in the walls of a canal or organ, especially the colon

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36
Q

Duodenum

A

The first portion of the small intestine

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37
Q

Dysphagia

A

Difficulty in swallowing

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38
Q

Encephalopathy

A

Any disease of the brain that affects consciousness. Hepatic encephalopathy - A condition usually occurring secondary to advanced disease of the liver, but also seen in the course of any severe disease. It is marked by distrubances of behavior and consciousness and psychiatric changes, which may progress to deep coma (Hepatic coma) Flapping tremor (asterexis) is typical of hepatic encephalopathy.

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39
Q

Endoscopy

A

Procedure for examining the interior of a hollow organ, such as the esophagus, stomach and proximal colon (duodenum)

40
Q

Enterocolitis

A

Inflammation involving both the small intestine and the colon

41
Q

Fistula

A

An abnormal passage or communication, usually between two internal organs or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body

42
Q

Fundus of stomach

A

Enlarged portion of stomach to the left, located above the level of the cardiac orifice

43
Q

Gallbladder

A

A pear-shaped, muscular sac located under the right lobe of the liver, in which bile secreted by the liver is stored.

44
Q

Gastrectomy

A

Excision of the whole (total gastrectomy) or part of subtotal gastrectomy, partial gastrectomy, gastric resection) the stomach

45
Q

Gastrointestinal

A

Pertaining to the digestive tract

46
Q

Gastroscopy

A

Direct visual examination of the interior of the stomach by means of a gastroscope (an endoscope)

47
Q

Guaiac Test

A

A test for blood in the stool

48
Q

Helicobacter pylori (H-Pylori)

A

A bacterium that survives in the acid environment of the stomach and is associated with ulcer disease and, possibly, coronary artery disease

49
Q

Hematemesis

A

The vomiting of blood

50
Q

Hemorrhage

A

The escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small hemorrhages are classified by size as: petechiae (very small); purpura (up to one cm.), and ecchymoses (larger; bruises, black eye, etc). Accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a hematoma

51
Q

Hepatic

A

Pertaining to the liver

52
Q

Hernia

A

The protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening

53
Q

Hypoalbuminemia

A

An abnormally low content of albumin in the blood

54
Q

Icteric

A

Relating to jaundice

55
Q

Ileostomy

A

The surgical creation of an opening into the ileum, usually by establishing an ideal stoma on the abdominal wall

56
Q

Ileum

A

The distal portion of the small intestine, extending from the jejunum to the cecum

57
Q

Interferon

A

Proteins produced by the cells of the immune system in response to a challenge by foreign agents (viruses, bacteria, etc.) Interferons are an important component of anti-viral response and interferon-alpha is used in the treatment of Hepatitis C. Pegylated interferon is interferon-alpha to which polyethylene glycol is added to make the interferon last longer in the body

58
Q

Intestine

A

Bowel, the digestive tube passing from the stomach to the anus. It is divided primarily into the small and large intestine

59
Q

Intractable

A

Resistant to cure, relief, or control

60
Q

Iritis

A

Inflammation of the iris, usually marked by pain congestion of the ciliary region, photophobia, contraction of the pupil, and discoloration of the iris

61
Q

Jaundice

A

A syndrome characterized by deposition of bile pigment in the skin and mucous membranes with resulting yellow appearance of the patient

62
Q

Jejunum

A

That small portion of the small intestine, which extends from the duodenum to the ileum

63
Q

Laparoscopic Surgery

A

Surgery done through small incisions, using cameras and video monitors to guide the surgical instruments

64
Q

Liver

A

The body’s largest organ. It is located under the diaphragm and has multiple functions in production, storage, and detoxification

65
Q

Malabsorption

A

Imperfect absorption of nutritive material

66
Q

Maldigestion

A

Altered digestion function usually of the pancrease

67
Q

Mollary-Weiss Tear

A

A tear in the lower end of the esophagus, caused by severe vomiting common in alcoholics

68
Q

Malnutrition

A

Any disorder of nutrition; it may be due to unbalanced or insufficient diet or to defective assimilation or utilization of food

69
Q

Melena

A

The passing of dark (thick and tarry) stools stained with blood pigments, a sign of bleeding in the GI tract

70
Q

Oncotic Pressure

A

In blood plasma, the dissolved compounds have an osmotic pressure. A small portion of this pressure is related to the presence of large protein molecules (particularly albumin). The presence of these large proteins prevents fluids from leaking through capillary walls. If plasma proteins are reduced, edema can result. Hence, edema is seen in liver disease due to the low levels of serum albumin.

71
Q

Paracentesis

A

Needle puncture of the abdominal cavity in order to aspirate fluid

72
Q

Peptic

A

Pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juice

73
Q

Peristalsis

A

The serial contraction of the muscles of the digestive tract, each contraction following the other in a wave action that moves the food mass forward

74
Q

Pharynx

A

A cavity that serves as a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive tracts

75
Q

Portal

A

Pertaining to an entrance, particularly to the hepatic portal the transverse fissure on the surface of the liver where the portal vein and the hepatic artery enter the liver and the hepatic ducts exit

76
Q

Prothrombin

A

A coagulation factor; a protein present in the blood plasma, which, in the presence of the other factors, converts to thrombin, which converts fibrinogen to fibrin, which forms the essential portion of a blood clot. Liver function tests may report Prothrombin time (PT)

77
Q

Pyloroplasty

A

An operation on the pylori to relieve obstruction or to accelerate gastric emptying

78
Q

Pylorus

A

The distal opening of the stomach, surrounded by a strong band of muscle, through which the stomach contents are emptied into the duodenum

79
Q

Resection

A

Excision of a portion of an organ or other structure. Gastric resection- Partial gastrectomy. Wedge resection- removal of a triangular wedge of tissue

80
Q

Ribavirin

A

An anti-viral agent drug active against a number of DNA and RNA viruses, such as Hepatitis B & Hep C. Trade names; Copegus and Rebetol

81
Q

Serum Bilirubin

A

Bilirubin in the blood serum

82
Q

Sigmoidoscopy

A

Inspection of the sigmoid flexure with an endoscope (sigmoidoscope)

83
Q

Sphincter

A

A series of muscles capable of contracting or expanding to close or allow a passageway to open

84
Q

Steatorrhea

A

Passage of excessive fat in stool

85
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing or stricture

86
Q

Stoma

A

An opening entrance into an organ or structure, particularly one surgically created in the abdominal wall by colostomy, ileostomy, etc.; also the opening between two portions of the intestine in an anastomosis

87
Q

Stricture

A

Decrease in the caliber of a canal, duct, or other passage. (Can happen when scar tissue is present)

88
Q

Systemic manifestations

A

Those signs, symptoms, and findings which indicate that a disease or disorder is affecting the body as a whole

89
Q

TIPS

A

Transjugular intrahepatic portal systemic shunt- a Shunt procedure used to reduce portal hypertension and usually done for bleeding esophageal varies or intractable ascites. (relieves pressure from portal vein)

90
Q

Ulcerative Colitis

A

Chronic recurrent ulceration in the colon. (superficial)

91
Q

Upper GI study

A

X-ray study of upper GI tract, using barium as a contrast medium

92
Q

Vagotomy, complete

A

Transection of all vagal secretory fibers, sufficient to prevent increased flow or acidity of gastric secretion

93
Q

Varices

A

(Pleural of varix) Enlarged and tortuous veins, arteries, or lymphatic vessels. Esophageal varices- Varicosities of the veins, which join with tributaries of the portal vein in the lower esophagus, occurring in patients with portal hypertension

94
Q

Viscus

A

Any large interior organ in any one of the three great cavities of the body, Especially in the abdomen

95
Q

Wilson’s disease

A

Hepatolenticular Degeneration; a hereditary disease characterized by degenerative changes in the brain and cirrhosis of the liver, caused by abdominal accumulation of serum copper

96
Q

Three great cavities of the body

A

Thoracic cavity, Abdominal Cavity, and the pelvic cavity

DDE (13 decks)

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