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DDE > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Heart muscle

A

Pumps the blood through the heart and out to the other parts of the body

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2
Q

Valves

A

Allow blood to flow in only 1 direction and at a controlled flow

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3
Q

Arteries

A

Feed oxygenated blood to the heart muscle itself and carry it away from the heart

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4
Q

Veins

A

Carry deoxygenated blood back to the heart from the rest of the body

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5
Q

Pulmonary artery

A

Carries deoxygenated blood away from the heart to lungs

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6
Q

Pulmonary vein

A

Carries oxygenated blood to the heart to the left atrium

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7
Q

Conduction system

A

Controls the heart function by causing electrical impulses that make the heart contract and then relax

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8
Q

Main coronary arteries

A

Left Main Coronary Artery (LM)
Right Coronary Artery (RCA)
Left Anterior Descending Coronary Artery (LAD)
Left Circumflex Coronary Artery (LCX)

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9
Q

The four main valves of the heart

A

Pulmonary Valve
Tricuspid Valve
Mitral Valve
Aortic Valve

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10
Q

How does the blood flow through the heart?

A

The heart is divided into the right and left sides. Each side has 2 chambers: the atrium and ventricle

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11
Q

How does the conduction system work?

A

The heart contracts automatically in a very coordinated way. Special cells located in the atrium set off the electric current needed to cause the atrium to contract.

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12
Q

Pacemaker

A

The natural pacemaker is the SA node.
Artificial pacemaker is a device which stimulates the ventricular contraction by means of electrical impulses at a preset rate.

Used when heart beats to slow

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13
Q

What is a cardiovascular impairment

A

Any disorder that affects the proper functioning of the heart or the circulatory system

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14
Q

Chronic heart failure

A

The inability of the heart to pump blood to body.

Is congestive heart failure

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15
Q

Coronary Artery disease

A

Hardening of the arteries characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity

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16
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Blockage in the tubs

Obstruction of flow (CAD) or disturbance in rhythm or conduction (arrhythmia) resulting in inadequate cardiac output

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17
Q

Defibrillator (ICD)

A

Heart beats too fast and could cause sudden cardiac arrest. They will never have a treadmill test

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18
Q

Central cyanosis

A

Congenital heart disease. due to right-to-left shunt (VSD). Hole between the two ventricle; less oxygenated blood.

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19
Q

Persisten

A

a continuous period of at least 12 months

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20
Q

Revascularization

A

Surgery to restore perfusion: Achieved by unblocking obstructed or disrupted blood vessels. (Angioplasty that is with or without stent placement (PTCA), or by surgically implanting replacement arteries (CABG)

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21
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Fatty build up in the wall of the arteries

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22
Q

Ischemia

A

Decreased blood to heart muscle (myocardium)

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23
Q

Angina

A

Symptom of ischemia. It is chest pain.

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24
Q

Angina Pectoris

A

Chest pain associated with myocardial ischemic, discomfort that is precipitated by effort or emotion and lasts a few seconds to a few minutes. Relieved by rest, or nitroglycerin. Described as pressing, crushing, squeezing, burning, aching, or oppressive

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25
Q

Silent ischemia

A

No symptoms

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26
Q

Atypical angina

A

Places other than the chest

27
Q

Anginas Equivalent

A

Shortness of breath (dyspnea) on exertion without chest pain (4.04 substitute)

28
Q

Variant Angina

A

Severe spasm of a coronary artery causing ischemia of the heart wall

29
Q

Myocardial infarction

A

Damage to the heart muscle, most heart attacks happen when a clot in the coronary artery blocks the supply of blood and oxygen to the heart

30
Q

Women and Heart Attacks

A

Without chest pressure but may have SOB, pressure or pain in the lower chest or upper abdomen, dizziness, lightheadedness or fainting, upper back pressure, or extreme fatigue

31
Q

Ischemic Heart Disease

A

Narrowed, obstructed, or constricted blood flow to the heart muscle which may result in embolus, thrombus, or myocardial infarction

32
Q

Blood Clot

A

Platelets, proteins and plasma work together to stop bleeding at the site of an injury. These can form in veins (DVT is a type) and arteries.

33
Q

Embolism

A

is a block in an artery caused by blood clots or other substances – plaque, tumor, infected tissue

34
Q

Deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

A

blood clot that occurs most often in the lower leg in a vein deep in the body.

35
Q

Thrombophlebitis

A

If vein swells due to the clot

36
Q

Congestive Heart Failure

A

Heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body’s need. There is acute and chronic.

37
Q

Brawny edema

A

Swelling that is usually dense and feels firm due to the presence of increased connective tissue. Skin pigmentation changes is normal. This does not pit.
Thickening, induration, lip sclerosis and non pitting edema

38
Q

Lymphedema

A

an edema of the extremities due to a disorder of the lymphatic circulation. Called elephantiasis.
Can not meet 4.11 but can equal the severity of that listing.

39
Q

What is peripheral vascular disease?

A

Any impairment that affects either the arteries (peripheral arterial disease) or the veins (venous insufficiency) in the extremities, particularly the lower extremities.

40
Q

What causes peripheral vascular disease?

A

Blockage of the flow of blood either from the heart (arterial) or back to the heart (venous).

41
Q

What are doppler studies and why do we need them?

A

Arterial doppler studies are resting and exercise testing that assess the systolic blood flow in the extremities.
We need them to evaluate the adequacies of the blood flow in the LEs, to test the flow of blood through the peripheral blood vessels, to detect/evaluate the severity of the peripheral arterial insufficiency due to narrowing or occlusion of major artery, it can detect thrombosis and arteriosclerosis.

42
Q

Cardiomyopathy

A

A disease of the heart muscle where the muscle loses the ability to pump

43
Q

What cardiovascular dysfunction can result in functional impairment?

A

1 Chronic heart failure
2 Coronary Artery disease
3 arrythmias
4 central cyanosis

44
Q

Occlusion

A

Blockage of vessel

45
Q

Angioplasty

A

Surgical repair or unblocking of a blood vessel, especially a coronary artery

46
Q

Perfusion

A

Passage of fluid through the circulatory system

47
Q

Endarterectomy

A

Surgery to remove plaque buildup

48
Q

Carotid angioplasty

A

Stent placement

49
Q

Aneurysms

A

Balloon-like sac formed by the dilation of the wall of an artery

50
Q

Aortic insufficiency

A

Damage to heart where blood pools and heart doesn’t get fed

51
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

Harding of arteries

52
Q

Bifurcation

A

Splitting of an artery

53
Q

Bradycardia

A

Slow heart rate

54
Q

Syncope

A

Weakness and dizziness or fainting

55
Q

Carotid arteries

A

Principal arteries which supply blood to the brain (In neck)

56
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of heart

57
Q

Dyspnea

A

SOB

58
Q

Endocarditis

A

Swelling of inner lining of heart

59
Q

Epicarditis

A

Swelling of outer lining of heart

60
Q

Hypertensive cardiovascular disease (HCVD)

A

A disease manifested by arterial hypertension

61
Q

Hypertrophy

A

Thickening of organs

62
Q

Intermittent claudication

A

A symptom of arterial occlusive disease in the legs. Pain when walking or exercising and relief by resting

63
Q

Orthopnea

A

SOB that occurs when lying down

64
Q

When do we wait to purchase exercise tests?

A

Acute MI
Bypass surgery
Deconditioning
New regimen of therapy

DDE (13 decks)

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