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Human Anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 anatomical subdivisions of the nervous system?

A

central nervous system and perioheral nervous system

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2
Q

the CNS includes?

A

the brain and the spinal cord

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3
Q

the PNS includes?

A

all the neural tissue outside the central nervous system

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4
Q

what are the two divisions of the PNS?

A

the afferent division and the efferent division

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5
Q

what does the afferent division do?

A

brings sensory information to the central nervous system

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6
Q

what does the efferent division do?

A

carries motor commands to muscles and glands

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7
Q

what are somatic sensory receptors?

A

monitor skeletal muscles, joints and the skin

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8
Q

what are the visceral sensory receptors?

A

monitor other internal tissues such as smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands

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9
Q

?what are special sense organs?

A

eye and ear (examples)

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10
Q

what is the somatic nervous system?

A

part of efferent division that controls skeletal muscle contractions

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11
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system?

A

part of efferent division that regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glandular activity

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12
Q

two distinct neural tissue cell types would be?

A

nerve cells/neurons and supporting cells/neuroglia

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13
Q

what are neurons?

A

responsible for the transfer and processing of information in the nervous system

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14
Q

what are neuroglia?

A

supporting cells that isolate the neurons

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15
Q

three functions of neuroglia are?

A

provide a supporting framework for the neural tissues, help maintain the intercellular environment, act as phagocytes

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16
Q

glial cells are

A

another name for neuroglia

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17
Q

what are four types of glial cells?

A

astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia and ependymal cells

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18
Q

what are the five main functions of astrocytes?

A

maintain the blood-brain barrier, create a 3D frameworl for the CNS, perform repairs in damaged neural tissue, guide neuron development, control the interstitial environment

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19
Q

oligodendrocytes have ___ cell bodies and ____ processes than the astrocytes

A

smaller and fewer

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20
Q

oligodendrocytes processes

A

tie clusters of axons together, help regulate extracellular ion concentrations, improve functional performance or neurons

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21
Q

what is myelin?

A

multilayered mambranous coating with insulating properties

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22
Q

regions dominated by myelinated axons constitute the

A

white matter

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23
Q

regions dominated by neuron cell bodies, dendrites and unmyelinated axons are called

A

gray matter

24
Q

the microglia are the

A

smallest of the glial cells. they engulf cullular debris, waste products, and pathogens

25
Q

the ependymal cells are the

A

cellular lining of the ventricles in the brain and central canal of the spinal cord

26
Q

two involved glial cell types are

A

Schwann cells and Satellite cells

27
Q

satellite cells

A

regulate the exchange of nutrients and waste products between the neuron cell body and the extracellular fluid

28
Q

schwann cells

A

are the covering of every peripheral axon

29
Q

what is a synapse?

A

a specialized site where the neuron communicates with another cell

30
Q

anaxonic neurons are

A

small, and found only in CNS. not very well understood

31
Q

bipolar neurons are

A

rare. they have fine dendrites that fuse to form a single dendrite. important in relaying sensory information concerning sight, smell and hearing. NOT MYELINATED

32
Q

pseudounipolar neurons are

A

sensory neurons of the PNS and axons MAY be myelinated

33
Q

multipolar neurons are

A

most common type of neuron found in CNS. have several dendrites with one axon.

34
Q

what are the three classifications of receptors?

A

exteroceptors, proprioceptors, and interoceptors

35
Q

exteroceptors do what?

A

provide information about the external environment in the form of touch, temp, and pressure. and sight, smell and hearing

36
Q

proprioceptors monitor

A

the position and movement of skeletal muscles and joints

37
Q

interoceptors monitor

A

the digestive, respiratory, cardiovascular, urinary and reproductive systems and provide sensations of deep pressure and pain as well as taste

38
Q

axons traveling away from the CNS are called

A

efferent fibers

39
Q

motor neurons are

A

multipolar neurons that form efferent division of the nervous system

40
Q

interneurons are

A

sutuated between sensory and motor neurons

41
Q

interneurons are located where?

A

entirely with in the brain and spinal cord

42
Q

wallerian degeneration

A

the axon distal to the injury site deteriorates and macrophages migrate in to phagocytize the debris

43
Q

the Schwann cells are involved how?

A

release growth factors to promote axonal regrowth

44
Q

what is excitability?

A

the ability of a cell membrane to conduct electrical impulses

45
Q

what are nerve impulses?

A

action potentials traveling along axons

46
Q

the rate of impulse conduction depends on what 2 properties?

A

the presence or absence of the myelin sheath and the diameter of the axon

47
Q

electrical synapses

A

found between neurons in both the CNS and PNS

48
Q

what is a neuronal pool?

A

group of interconnected neurons with specific functions

49
Q

five functions of neuronal pools

A

divergence, convergence, serial processing, parallel processing, reverberation

50
Q

what is divergence?

A

spread of information from one neuron to several neurons

51
Q

what happens in convergence?

A

several neurons synapse on the same postsynaptic nueron

52
Q

what happens in serial processing?

A

information may be relayed in a stepwise sequence, from one neuron to anotheer

53
Q

parallel processing occurs when

A

several neurons or neuronal pools are processing the same information at one time

54
Q

reverberation is

A

a positive feedback

55
Q

in the CNS a collection of neuron cell bodies is called what?

A

a center

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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