Chapter 10, 11, 19 & 23 Flashcards
temperomandibular joint
muscle that moves the mandible
Superficial muscles of the vertebrae move what?
the neck
the intermediate layer of muscles do what?
extends the vertebral column
the deepest layer consists of and does what?
intrinsic back muscles that interconnect the vertebrae
Sternocleidomastoid scalene
Each of a pair of long muscles that connect the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone and serve to turn and nod the head
a sprain is an injury to the
Legiments
a strain is an injury to the
muscle
external intercoastal muscles are
superficial
internal intercoastal muscles are
deep
the rectus abdominis muscle begins and ends where?
begins at the xiphoid process and ends near the pubic symbosis
what is the linea alba?
the rectus abdominal muscle is divided longitudinally by a median collagenuous partition which is called the linea alba
what are tendinous inscriptions?
bands of fibrous tissue that divide this muscle into 4 repeated segments
diaphragm
any muscular sheet that forms a wall
what are the muscles of the pelvic floor?
extends from that sacrum and the coccyx to the ischium and pubis
what are the three main functions of the pelvic floor?
support the organs of the pelvic activity, flex the joints of the sacrum and the coccyx, and controls the movement of materials through the urethra and anus
appendicular musculature is responsible for what?
stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles and for moving the upper and lower limbs
lateral epicondylitis
tennis elbow
what are the three vastus muscles?
vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius
what are the vastus muscles reponsible for?
cradling the rectus femoris muscle
osgood schlatter disease
irritation of the pattelar tendon at the tibial tuberosity
what are the three types of fascia?
superficial, deep, and subsesrous
superficial fascia is
a layer of areolar tissue deep to the skin
the deep fascia is
dense fibrous layer bound to capsules, periostea, epimysia, and other fibrous sheaths surrounding internal organs
subserous fascia
layer of areolar tissue seperating a serous membrane from adjacent structures
retincula
band that fits around foot or wrist and holds all muscles and tendons in place
the deep fascia of the arm creates how many compartments?
2
what are these compartments?
anterior (biceps) and posterior (triceps)
the thigh can be divided into what compartments?
anterior, posterior, and medial
the tibia and fibula create how many compartments?
4
what are these four compartments?
anterior, lateral, superficial and deep
compartment syndrome
A condition resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space, esp. of the leg or forearm.treated with surgery
hormones do what?
alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously
the nervous system is ____ than the endocrine system
faster
endocrine happens
within the body
exocrine happens
outside of the body
the HPA axis includes
hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal
hormones are organized into what four groups?
amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, steroid hormones and eiconsanoids
what are amino acid derivatives?
relatively small molecules that are structurally similar to amino acids
what are peptide hormones?
chains of amino acids, largest group of hormones, all pituitary gland hormones are peptide hormones
what are steroid hormones?
derived from cholesterol, released by the reproductive organs and the adrenal glands
what are eiconsanoids?
small molecules with a five carbon ring at the end
what does the hypothalamus secrete?
regulatory hormones that control the activities of endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
what are releasing hormones?
stimulate production of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland
what are inhibiting hormones?
prevent the synthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones
the pituitary gland
most compact chemical factory in the body, lies inferior to the hypothalamus
how many importan peptide hormones are released?
nine
how many by the posterior lobe?
2
how many by the anterior lobe?
7
what hormones are released from the posterior lobe?
ADH and oxytocing
what is ADH responsible for?
decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys, and causes the constriction of peripheral blood vessels
what is oxytocin?
helps give birth and stimulates breast milk
what are the seven hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?
thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)
thyroid stimulating hormone
triggers the release of thyroid hormones
Adrenocorticotropic hormone:
stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland, affects glucose metabolism
follicle stimulating hormone
promotes the development of female gametes with the ovaries of mature women, in men FSH secretion supports sperm production in the testes
luteinizing hormone
induces ovulation in women and pormotes the ovarian secretion of pregestins that prepare the body for possible pregnany. in men LSH stimulates the production of male sex hormones (androgens)
gonadotropins
FSH and LH because they regulate the activities of the male and female sex organs
Growth Hormone
stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis
Prolactin
stimulates the production of mammary glands and the production of milk
melanocyte stimulating hormone
the only hormone released by the pars intermedia, stimulates the melanocytes of the skin
what are C cells?
parafollicular cells that produce the hormone calcitonin
how does calcitonin lower calcium concentrations?
inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates calcium ion excretion at the kidneys
parathyroid glands are
located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland. four, ea sized and reddish brownish
what are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?
principle cells and immature principle cells
what are the three main functions of the parathyroid hormone?
stimulates osteoclasts and oateoblasts, produces urinary excretion of calcium ions, and stimulates the production of calcitriol
hyperthyroidism
graves disease,
what is the thymus?
produces several hormones that are important to the development and maintenance of normal immunological defenses
adrenal gland
attached to the superior border of each kidney by a dense fibrous capsule
what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?
superficial adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla
what does the adrenal cortex produce?
more than two dozen different steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids
what is the zona glumerulosa?
the outer most cortical region, produces mineralocorticoids
what is aldosterone?
the principal mineralocorticoid
what are the two major functions of the aldosterone?
targets kidney cells that regulate the ionic composition of the urine and reduces sodium and water loses at the sweat glands and salivary glands
what is the zona fasciculata?
begins at the inner border of the zona glomerulosa and extends toward the medulla
what is the zona reticularis
narrow band between the zona fasciculata and the outer border of the adrenal medulla. secretes small amounts of sex hormones called androgens
the adrenal medulla contains two populations of endocrine cells called what?
epinephrine and norepinephrine
what do the kidneys produce\?
renin and erythropoietin (a peptide) and calcitriol ( a steroid)
what does erythropoietin do?
stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow. increases the blood volume and its oxygen carrying capacity
what is calcitriol?
steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to the presence of PTH, stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestional tract
cardiac muscle cells produce what?>
artial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide
the pancreas is what
mixed gland with both exocrine and endocrine activities
each inslet of the pancreas contains what?
alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and F cells
alpha cells produce
the hormone glucagon
beta cells produce
the hormone insulin
delta cells
produce the hormone somatostatin
F cells produce
the hormone pancreatic polypeptide
the pineal gland is part of the
epithalamus
