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Human Anatomy > Chapter 10, 11, 19 & 23 > Flashcards

Chapter 10, 11, 19 & 23 Flashcards

1
Q

temperomandibular joint

A

muscle that moves the mandible

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2
Q

Superficial muscles of the vertebrae move what?

A

the neck

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3
Q

the intermediate layer of muscles do what?

A

extends the vertebral column

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4
Q

the deepest layer consists of and does what?

A

intrinsic back muscles that interconnect the vertebrae

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5
Q

Sternocleidomastoid scalene

A

Each of a pair of long muscles that connect the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone and serve to turn and nod the head

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6
Q

a sprain is an injury to the

A

Legiments

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7
Q

a strain is an injury to the

A

muscle

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8
Q

external intercoastal muscles are

A

superficial

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9
Q

internal intercoastal muscles are

A

deep

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10
Q

the rectus abdominis muscle begins and ends where?

A

begins at the xiphoid process and ends near the pubic symbosis

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11
Q

what is the linea alba?

A

the rectus abdominal muscle is divided longitudinally by a median collagenuous partition which is called the linea alba

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12
Q

what are tendinous inscriptions?

A

bands of fibrous tissue that divide this muscle into 4 repeated segments

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13
Q

diaphragm

A

any muscular sheet that forms a wall

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14
Q

what are the muscles of the pelvic floor?

A

extends from that sacrum and the coccyx to the ischium and pubis

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15
Q

what are the three main functions of the pelvic floor?

A

support the organs of the pelvic activity, flex the joints of the sacrum and the coccyx, and controls the movement of materials through the urethra and anus

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16
Q

appendicular musculature is responsible for what?

A

stabilizing the pectoral and pelvic girdles and for moving the upper and lower limbs

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17
Q

lateral epicondylitis

A

tennis elbow

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18
Q

what are the three vastus muscles?

A

vastus lateralis, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius

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19
Q

what are the vastus muscles reponsible for?

A

cradling the rectus femoris muscle

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20
Q

osgood schlatter disease

A

irritation of the pattelar tendon at the tibial tuberosity

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21
Q

what are the three types of fascia?

A

superficial, deep, and subsesrous

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22
Q

superficial fascia is

A

a layer of areolar tissue deep to the skin

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23
Q

the deep fascia is

A

dense fibrous layer bound to capsules, periostea, epimysia, and other fibrous sheaths surrounding internal organs

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24
Q

subserous fascia

A

layer of areolar tissue seperating a serous membrane from adjacent structures

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25
Q

retincula

A

band that fits around foot or wrist and holds all muscles and tendons in place

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26
Q

the deep fascia of the arm creates how many compartments?

A

2

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27
Q

what are these compartments?

A

anterior (biceps) and posterior (triceps)

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28
Q

the thigh can be divided into what compartments?

A

anterior, posterior, and medial

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29
Q

the tibia and fibula create how many compartments?

A

4

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30
Q

what are these four compartments?

A

anterior, lateral, superficial and deep

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31
Q

compartment syndrome

A

A condition resulting from increased pressure within a confined body space, esp. of the leg or forearm.treated with surgery

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32
Q

hormones do what?

A

alter the metabolic activities of many different tissues and organs simultaneously

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33
Q

the nervous system is ____ than the endocrine system

A

faster

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34
Q

endocrine happens

A

within the body

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35
Q

exocrine happens

A

outside of the body

36
Q

the HPA axis includes

A

hypothalamus, pituitary and adrenal

37
Q

hormones are organized into what four groups?

A

amino acid derivatives, peptide hormones, steroid hormones and eiconsanoids

38
Q

what are amino acid derivatives?

A

relatively small molecules that are structurally similar to amino acids

39
Q

what are peptide hormones?

A

chains of amino acids, largest group of hormones, all pituitary gland hormones are peptide hormones

40
Q

what are steroid hormones?

A

derived from cholesterol, released by the reproductive organs and the adrenal glands

41
Q

what are eiconsanoids?

A

small molecules with a five carbon ring at the end

42
Q

what does the hypothalamus secrete?

A

regulatory hormones that control the activities of endocrine cells in the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

43
Q

what are releasing hormones?

A

stimulate production of one or more hormones at the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland

44
Q

what are inhibiting hormones?

A

prevent the synthesis and secretion of specific pituitary hormones

45
Q

the pituitary gland

A

most compact chemical factory in the body, lies inferior to the hypothalamus

46
Q

how many importan peptide hormones are released?

A

nine

47
Q

how many by the posterior lobe?

A

2

48
Q

how many by the anterior lobe?

A

7

49
Q

what hormones are released from the posterior lobe?

A

ADH and oxytocing

50
Q

what is ADH responsible for?

A

decrease the amount of water lost at the kidneys, and causes the constriction of peripheral blood vessels

51
Q

what is oxytocin?

A

helps give birth and stimulates breast milk

52
Q

what are the seven hormones released by the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland?

A

thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), adrenocorticotopic hormone (ACTH), Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), Luteinizing hormone (LH), growth hormone (GH), Prolactin (PRL), and melanocyte stimulating hormone (MSH)

53
Q

thyroid stimulating hormone

A

triggers the release of thyroid hormones

54
Q

Adrenocorticotropic hormone:

A

stimulates the release of steroid hormones by the adrenal gland, affects glucose metabolism

55
Q

follicle stimulating hormone

A

promotes the development of female gametes with the ovaries of mature women, in men FSH secretion supports sperm production in the testes

56
Q

luteinizing hormone

A

induces ovulation in women and pormotes the ovarian secretion of pregestins that prepare the body for possible pregnany. in men LSH stimulates the production of male sex hormones (androgens)

57
Q

gonadotropins

A

FSH and LH because they regulate the activities of the male and female sex organs

58
Q

Growth Hormone

A

stimulates cell growth and replication by accelerating the rate of protein synthesis

59
Q

Prolactin

A

stimulates the production of mammary glands and the production of milk

60
Q

melanocyte stimulating hormone

A

the only hormone released by the pars intermedia, stimulates the melanocytes of the skin

61
Q

what are C cells?

A

parafollicular cells that produce the hormone calcitonin

62
Q

how does calcitonin lower calcium concentrations?

A

inhibits osteoclasts, stimulates calcium ion excretion at the kidneys

63
Q

parathyroid glands are

A

located on the posterior surfaces of the thyroid gland. four, ea sized and reddish brownish

64
Q

what are the two types of cells in the parathyroid gland?

A

principle cells and immature principle cells

65
Q

what are the three main functions of the parathyroid hormone?

A

stimulates osteoclasts and oateoblasts, produces urinary excretion of calcium ions, and stimulates the production of calcitriol

66
Q

hyperthyroidism

A

graves disease,

67
Q

what is the thymus?

A

produces several hormones that are important to the development and maintenance of normal immunological defenses

68
Q

adrenal gland

A

attached to the superior border of each kidney by a dense fibrous capsule

69
Q

what are the two regions of the adrenal gland?

A

superficial adrenal cortex and the inner adrenal medulla

70
Q

what does the adrenal cortex produce?

A

more than two dozen different steroid hormones collectively called corticosteroids

71
Q

what is the zona glumerulosa?

A

the outer most cortical region, produces mineralocorticoids

72
Q

what is aldosterone?

A

the principal mineralocorticoid

73
Q

what are the two major functions of the aldosterone?

A

targets kidney cells that regulate the ionic composition of the urine and reduces sodium and water loses at the sweat glands and salivary glands

74
Q

what is the zona fasciculata?

A

begins at the inner border of the zona glomerulosa and extends toward the medulla

75
Q

what is the zona reticularis

A

narrow band between the zona fasciculata and the outer border of the adrenal medulla. secretes small amounts of sex hormones called androgens

76
Q

the adrenal medulla contains two populations of endocrine cells called what?

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

77
Q

what do the kidneys produce\?

A

renin and erythropoietin (a peptide) and calcitriol ( a steroid)

78
Q

what does erythropoietin do?

A

stimulates red blood cell production by the bone marrow. increases the blood volume and its oxygen carrying capacity

79
Q

what is calcitriol?

A

steroid hormone secreted by the kidney in response to the presence of PTH, stimulates calcium and phosphate ion absorption along the digestional tract

80
Q

cardiac muscle cells produce what?>

A

artial natriuretic peptide and brain natriuretic peptide

81
Q

the pancreas is what

A

mixed gland with both exocrine and endocrine activities

82
Q

each inslet of the pancreas contains what?

A

alpha cells, beta cells, delta cells and F cells

83
Q

alpha cells produce

A

the hormone glucagon

84
Q

beta cells produce

A

the hormone insulin

85
Q

delta cells

A

produce the hormone somatostatin

86
Q

F cells produce

A

the hormone pancreatic polypeptide

87
Q

the pineal gland is part of the

A

epithalamus

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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