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Human Anatomy > Chapter 1 & 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 & 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Microscopic Anatomy

A

structures that cannot be seen without magnification

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2
Q

cytology

A

analyzes the internal structures of cells.

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3
Q

histology

A

study of tissues.

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4
Q

gross (macroscopic) anatomy

A

study of structures visible to the unaided eye.

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5
Q

what are the three sub classes of gross anatomy?

A

surface, regional, systemic

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6
Q

define surface anatomy

A

general form, morphology, superficial anatomical markings

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7
Q

define regional anatomy

A

all structures in a specific area of the body

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8
Q

Define systematic anatomy

A

study of anatomy one organ system at a time

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9
Q

about how many cell types are there in the body?

A

around 200

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10
Q

what are the four primary tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, neural

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11
Q

define epithelial

A

cells that cover an exposed surface or line an internal cavity or passageway

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12
Q

Name three important characteristics of epithelial cells.

A
  1. cellularity is high
  2. all epithelial cells are avascular (permeable)
  3. they can regenerate fairly rapidly
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13
Q

name three functions of epithelial cells

A
  1. provide physical protection
  2. epithelia control permeability
  3. contain nerve fibers and therefore provide sensation
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14
Q

name the two classifications of epithelia

A

simple and stratified

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15
Q

define simple epithelium

A

any lining that has only one layer of cells on the basal lamina

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16
Q

define stratified epithelium

A

has several layers of cells on the basal lamina

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17
Q

what is Squamous epithelium?

A

epithelium that has thin flat cell on the exposed surface

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18
Q

simple squamous epithelium

A

most delicate epithelium in the body

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19
Q

Pleura

A

lungs

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20
Q

pericardium

A

heart

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21
Q

Peritoneum

A

abdominal cavity

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22
Q

endothelium

A

the lining of the heart and blood vessels

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23
Q

stratified squamous epithelium

A

many cell layers thick and found in areas of the body most subject to mechanical and physical stress (surface of the skin)

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24
Q

what is cuboid epithelium?

A

contain cells that are hexagonal with a height equal to their width. nuclei near the center of the cell

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25
Q

simple cuboid epithelium

A

provides limited protection but have great absorptive and secretory capabilities

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26
Q

stratified cuboid epithelium

A

rare epithelium found lining the largest ducts of a gland

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27
Q

transitional epithelia

A

stratified epithelium that stretches and changes shape due to the open space they surround expanding (found in urinary bladder)

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28
Q

Columnar epithelia

A

hexagonal cells whose height is usually 3-4 times their width. nuclei found near the basal surface

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29
Q

Simple columnar epithelia

A

provides good protection combined with excellent absorptive capacities (lines the stomach, intestinal tract, etc)

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30
Q

pseudostratified columnar epithelia

A

specialized columnar epithelium in which many cell types exist (cilia in the lungs**)

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31
Q

Stratified columnar epithelium

A

rare epithelium found in certain areas of the throat, urethra, anus and some excretory ducts

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32
Q

what are the three main components of connective tissues

A

Special, extracellular and ground substance

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33
Q

Matrix

A

extracellular component of connective tissue that is made up of the protein fiber and the ground substance

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34
Q

what are the three categories of connective tissues?

A

connective tissue proper, fluid connective tissue, supporting connective tissue

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35
Q

define connective tissue proper

A

contains varying cells and fibers in a syrupy ground substance

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36
Q

define fluid connective tissue

A

contains very special cells in a fluid ground like substance (blood and lymph)

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37
Q

define supporting connective tissue

A

one special cell type in a solid ground substance (bone and cartilage)

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38
Q

what are the two classes of connective tissue proper?

A

fixed cells and wandering cells

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39
Q

what are fixed cells?

A

stationary and are involved in the local maintenance of the CT cells

40
Q

define fibroblasts

A

most numerous cells in CT proper. star shaped cells responsible for the productive of the fibers and ground substance in CT

41
Q

fixed macrophages

A

large cells that function to phagocytize damaged tissue or pathogens that eter the tissue

42
Q

adipocytes

A

energy storing cells. (fats)

43
Q

mesenchymal cells

A

stem cells that remain dormant unless needed to repair injury to the tissue.

44
Q

melanocytes

A

cells that produce a dark pigment called melanin

45
Q

what are wandering cells

A

move from on tissue to another searching for damaged tissue and pathogens

46
Q

define free macrophages

A

large phagocytic cells, called monocytes when in the blood stream

47
Q

mast cells

A

small cell usually found near blood vessels. creates histamines

48
Q

histamine does what?

A

causes increased blood flow and attracts free macrophages

49
Q

heparin does what?

A

prevents excessive blood clotting

50
Q

what are lymphocytes?

A

small, very special blood cells that travel the body to fight off infections

51
Q

what are plasma cells

A

activated type of lymphocyte that releases antibodies that assist in fighting off pathogens

52
Q

what are microphages?

A

smaller versions of the macrophages

53
Q

what are three types of connective tissue fibers?

A

Collagen, reticular, elastic fibers (CRE)

54
Q

define collagen fibers

A

very long, cylindrical fibers made up of three subunits coiled around one another

55
Q

tensile strength

A

the property of being flexible but will not stretch (collagen)

56
Q

what are reticular fibers?

A

single unit of collagen proteins

57
Q

what are elastic fibers?

A

contain the protein elastin, can stretch up to 150% of their resting length and rebound back to their original form

58
Q

what are loose connective tissues?

A

bodies packing materials. high amounts of ground substance.

59
Q

where are loose connective tissues found?

A

between organs, surrounding blood vessels, under the epithelia

60
Q

what are the three types of loose CT?

A

Areolar tissue, adipose tissue, reticular tissue

61
Q

what are dense CT?

A

low ground substance. most of the volume of dense CT is the protein fibers, mostly collagen

62
Q

name the two types of dense CT

A

Dense regular connective tissue, dense irregular connective tissue

63
Q

what is dense regular CT?

A

tightly packed collagen fibers align in parallel to applied forces

64
Q

name four structures dense regular CT is found

A

tendons, aponeuroses, elastic tissue and ligaments

65
Q

what is dense irregular CT?

A

contains mostly collagen fibers, arranged in a meshwork rather than organized in parallel rows

66
Q

name three locations where dense irregular CT is found

A

the dermins of the skin, surrounding cartilage and bone, surrounding internal organs as a fibrous capsule (liver, spleen, kidneys, cavities of joints)

67
Q

what are fluid connective tissues?

A

very specific cells found in a fluid matrix.

68
Q

name two types of fluid connective tissues

A

blood and plasma

69
Q

what are three types of formed elements found in the blood?

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, platelets

70
Q

what are red blood cells?

A

erythrocyte, anucleate cells which account for nearly half the volume of blood, carry oxygen

71
Q

what are white blood cells

A

leukocyte, specialize in defense of the body

72
Q

what are platelets?

A

membrane enclosed cell fragments that function in clotting the blood and closing up breaks in blood vessels

73
Q

what is plasma?

A

one of three types of extra cellular fluids found in body, found inside blood vessels

74
Q

what is lymph?

A

formed as interstitial fluid is collected into lymphatic vessels to be brought back to the blood vessels

75
Q

what are supporting connective tissues?

A

provides the framework that supports the rest of the body.

76
Q

what are the two types of supporting CT?

A

Cartilage and bone

77
Q

what is cartilage?

A

firm gel and is dense in chondroitin sulfates.

78
Q

the cells in cartilage are also called what?

A

CHONDROCYTES

79
Q

what are the three types of cartilage?

A

Hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

80
Q

what is hyaline cartilage?

A

most common, tough and flexible but the weakest of cartilage

81
Q

where is hyaline cartilage found?

A
  1. costal- between ribs and sternum
  2. respiratory- along the conducting portion of the respiratory tract
  3. articular- covering the ends of bones and joints.
82
Q

what is elastic cartilage?

A

contains elastic fibers. found in the epiglottis, external ear, etc

83
Q

what is fibrocartilage?

A

strongest of the cartilages. very little ground fiber, structure helps it resist compression, aabsorb shock, and prevent bone to bone damage, located between vertebrae, between the bones of the pelvis, and within a few joints.

84
Q

what is periosteum?

A

a two layering covering for the bone tissue

85
Q

what is osteoblasts?

A

inner layer of bones, relatively immature bone cells

86
Q

what are membranes?

A

epithelia and CT combine to form membranes, protective structures that also have other functions.

87
Q

what are the four types of membranes?

A

mucous, serous, cutaneous, synovial (Must See Cute Squirells)

88
Q

Mucous membranes

A

wet membranes that line passage ways with a connection to the exterior

89
Q

Serous membranes

A

line the ventral body cavity, no connection to the exterior

90
Q

cutaneous

A

skin. think, dry, water-resistant membrane that covers the entire surface of the body

91
Q

Synovial

A

consist mainly of areolar tissue with an incomplete layer of overlying squamous or cuboidal epithelium

92
Q

what are three CT wrappings found in the body?

A

superficial fascia, deep fascia, subserous fascia

93
Q

define superficial fascia

A

loose CT that separates the skin from underlying structures, allowing independent movement

94
Q

define deep fascia

A

dense CT that surrounds and encases organs, bones and muscles

95
Q

define subserous fascia

A

loose CT that seperates the serous membrane from the deep fascia around underlying muscles and bones.

Human Anatomy (19 decks)

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