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Biomed Dx and Tests > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Structure and fxn of neuro-glia
There are 4 types of Neuro-glia(helper cells of the neuron,Glia cells)
1. Line the central canal of the spinal cord and the ventricles of the brain . These cells circulate cerebrospinal fluid, a clear liquid whcih cushions the brain and spinal cord.
2.the largest and most numerous of the neuralgia in the CNS. These cells create the Blood Brain Barrier. They provide a physical framework in the CNS , feed the neuron and regulate nutrients and chemicals in the fluids around the neuron.
3.(. ) are cells with long processes which extend off of it and wrap themselves aroun the axons of neurons. This creates a white colored membranous wrap called myelin .
4. Least numerous and smallest neuroglial cell isn’t eh CNS, they clean and protect the neuron.

A
  1. Ependymal cells
  2. Astrocytes
  3. Oligodendrocytes
  4. Microglia
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2
Q

Muscle movements and Nerves involvement
Ex)C5 - Shoulder abduction

C5-C6?

A

Elbow flexion

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3
Q

Muscle movements and nerves involvement

C6,C7?

A

Elbow extension

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4
Q

Muscle Movements and Nerves Involvement

C6,C7,C8 radial Nerve?

A

Wrist Extension

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5
Q

Muscle movements and Nerves involvement

C7,C8,T1

A

Grip

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6
Q

Muscle movement- Nerves involvement

C8,T1,Ulnar Nerve?

A

Finger Abduction

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7
Q

Muscle movements - Nerves involvement

C8,T1,Median Nerve?

A

Thumb opposition

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8
Q

Muscle movements - Nerves involvement

L2,L3,L4?

A

Hip flexion and Hop adduction

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9
Q

Muscle movement- nerves involvement

L4,L5,S1?

A

Hip Abduction

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10
Q

Muscle movement - nerves involvement

S1?

A

Hip extension and Ankle Plantar Flexion

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11
Q

Muscle movement - nerve involvement

L2,L3,L4?

A

Knee extension

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12
Q

Muscle movement- nerve involvement

L4,L5,S1,S2?

A

Knee Flexion

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13
Q

Muscle movement - nerve involvement

L4,L5?

A

Ankle Dorsiflexion

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14
Q 
Access reflexes 
Reflex - Nerves involved
Biceps- C5 C6
Triceps - C6 C7
Brachioradialis  (supinator) - C5 C6
Knee- L2,L3,L4
Ankle - S1
Plantar - L5 S1
Upper Abdominal T8 T9
Lower Abdominal T10 T11
A

Study Front

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15
Q

May result from several factors including toxic encephalopathy, hemorrhage, extensive cortical atrophy, compression of brain stem from tumor/swelling/hemorrhage, drugs(opioid,sedative) .

Abnormal findings of the nerves system?

A

Altered levels of consciouness

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16
Q

Comprehension is fine but speech sounds are not formed properly(non fluent speech) or difficulty in finding words. Due to damage to frontal lobe in brain.

A

Broca’s Aphasia(expressive)

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17
Q

Poor comprehension (inability to understand written words or speech) words are formed(fluent speech) but are often meaningless. Due to damage at the junction of the parietal and temporal lobes of the brain.

A

Wernicke’s Aphasia

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18
Q

Lack of comprehension and lack of fluent speech . Involves both expressive and receptive aphasia.

A

Global Aphasia

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19
Q

Unable to produce sounds due to larynx/vocal cord problem.

A

Dysphonia

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20
Q

Words are not formed properly due to difficulty with mouth ,m younger movements. Could be neurologically based r muscular based.

A

Dysarthria

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21
Q

Inability to identify objects(can be visual , auditory, or body image)

A

Agnostic

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22
Q

Loss of sense of smell. Can be in one nostril or bilaterally . Often involving cranial nerve 1

A

Anosmia

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23
Q

Unusual dilation, non response to light stimulation, usual constrictions and unilateral differences can all indicate different numerological problems.

A

Pupillary changes

24
Q

Pupil size does not change with changes in light levels

A

Aniscoria

25
Q

Rapid uncontrollable movements of the eye. Can be up and down(vertical nystagmus) or from side to side(horizontal nystagmus)

A

Nystagmus

26
Q

Sharp stabbing facial pain over one or more of the facial dermatomes innervated by cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal Neuralgia

27
Q

Paralysis of the facial muscles (unilaterally) due to irritation to cranial nerve 7, usually temporary last a few weeks and then resolves.

A

Bell’s palsy

28
Q

Tests fir oaks if the ulnar nerve, specially the actor for adductor policies. To perform the test a patient is asked to hold an object , usually a piece of paper, btw the thumb and flat palm or side of finger. The object is then is pulled away. A normal individual will be able to maintain a hold on the object without difficulty. However, with ulnar nerve palsy, the patient will experience difficulty maintaining a grasp and will compensate by flexing the FPL(Flexor policies longs) of the thumb. Clinically, this will appear as flexion of the DIP pint of the thumb.

A

Froment’s Sign

29
Q

Inappropriate sense of motion-often felt as a spinning sensation or “Dizziness”. Abnormal conditions in the innder ear, CNS infections,High fever, Endolymph movement, alcohol and drugs, viral infection of the vestibular nerve, and motion sickness can al be causes. In some cases the cause is unknown.

A

Vertigo

  • if Vertigo is present with nystagmus,hearing loss, and or nausea:increases with movement and then decreases after change in body position indicates a peripheral lesion(lesion in the labyrinth or cranial nerve 9
  • if vertigo does not change with movement or when the patient is still - can indicate lesion(lesion in the vestibular nucleus or brain stem)
30
Q

Inability to perform purposeful movement and make proper use of objects.

A

Apraxia

31
Q

Sudden uncontrollable movement sof the face shoulder and extremities

A

Tics

32
Q

Involuntary repetitive movements ,

A

Tremors

33
Q

Slight twitching of muscle fibers that can be seen under the skin - usually due to a lower motor neuron dysfunction.

A

Fasciculation

34
Q

Results from brain or spinal cord damage to an upper motor neuron . This will result on muscular dysfunction. Muscles will be spastic and relaxed will be hyper reflexive.

A

Upper Motor Neuron Lesion

35
Q

Result from damage to a lower motor neuron. Muscle will be flaccid, unresponsive and reflexes will be hypo reflexive or absent.

A

Lower Motor Neuron Lesion.

36
Q

Abnormal response in an adult when perform,in the plantar reflex, in this sign the big toe extends and other toes flare. This sign in abnormal in an adult. Can indicate upper motor neuron damage .

A

Babinski’s sign/response

37
Q

Poor muscle tone and strength

A

Hypotonia

38
Q

Patient is unable to maintain dorsiflexion often causes a stoppage gait-where the patient lifts knees higher than normal and then “slaps”foot down on the ground. Can be cuased by a lesion to L5 or peripheral neuropathy.

A

Foot drop

39
Q

Patient has a stopped over posture and takes small shuffling steps. May have difficulty staring and stopping walking. Caused by Parkinson’s Dx/.

A

Parkinsonism gait

40
Q

Patient has normally spaced paces but the feet cross over each other when stepping. Could indicate multiple sclerosis cerebral palsy spinal cord compression .

A

Scissoring Gait

41
Q

Patient walks or waddles similar to a duck due to pelvis rotating excessively. This indicates weakened proximal muscles. Classing sign of muscular dystrophy or could indicate hip dysphasia.

A

Waddling Gait.

42
Q

An asymmetrical gait(걸음걸이) in which the strong leg is used as a pivot and the weaker(often spastic) leg is swung around as a step is taken. Often caused by cortico-spinal tract damage .

A

Hemiplegic Gait.

43
Q

A staggering gait with a wide stance and uncoordinated leg movements. Indicates cerebellar damage or excessive alcohol use.

A

Cerebellar ataxia

44
Q

Inability to preform rapid alternating movements. Often due to a cerebellar lesion.

A

Days-diadocho-kinesia

45
Q

Loss of ability to precisely control muscle movements while reaching or grasping. They have lost the ability to anticipate and stop a movement precisely. Hands may oscillate back and forth as a person tried to reach or grasp objects. This oscillating movement is called an intention tremor.

A

Dysmetria.

46
Q

Often created sensory loss or weakness in extremities(toes and Finger) and can increase o involve the entire hands or feet. This is usually occurring bilaterally. Often described as a”glove Like” pattern of loss of function or sensation .

A

Neuropathy

47
Q

Loss of all the sensation.

A

Anaesthesia

48
Q

Decreased sensation(can be localized or diffuse)

A

Hypoesthesia

49
Q

An uncomfortable burning sensation

A

Dysesthesia

50
Q

The patient feels a sensation that is not actually being stimulated. Usually a “pins and needles” or “prickly”sensation.

A

Paresthesia

51
Q

If the nerve supply to a muscle is destroyed it is unable to contract, loses tone, becomes soft and begins to decrease in size . This is caused b damage to the lower motor neuron.

A

Flaccid paralysis.

52
Q

Also called mastoid ecchymosis , is an indication of fracture of the base of the posterior portion of the skull and may suggest underlying Crain trauma. It consists of bruising immediately behind the ears.

A

Battle’s sign.

53
Q

It is the appearance of involuntarily lifting of the legs when the physician lifts a patient’s head while the patient is laying supine. Can be indicative of meningitis.

A

Brudzinski Sign

54
Q

Is positive when patient is laying supine and the leg is fully bent in the hip and knee and subsequent extension in the knee is painful(leading to resistance) . Patients may also show opisthotonos-spasm of the while body that leads to legs and head being bent back and body bowed forward. A sign of meningitis .

A

Kernig’s sign.

55
Q

Sometimes called the Barber Chair Phenomenon, is an electrical sensation that runs down the back and into the limb, and is produced by bending the neck forward. Although often considered a classing finding in multiple sclerosis, it can be caused by a number of conditions which compress the spinal cord in the neck, such as cervical spondylosis, disc herniation, tumor and Arnold chair I malformation.

A

Lhermitte’s sign.

56
Q

The purplish discoloration around the eyes following fracture of the frontal portion of the skull base.

A

Raccoon Eyes.

57
Q

A sign indicating loss of proprioceptive control. Increased unsteadiness occurs when standing with the eyes closed compared with standing with the eyes open. Could indicate possible cerebellar damage among other things.

A

Romberg’ Test.

Biomed Dx and Tests (13 decks)

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