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Biomed Dx and Tests > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Type A - Antigen A/ Antibody B
Type B- Antigen B / Antibody A
Type O-NO antigen/ Antibody A & B
Type AB-Antigen A & B/ No Antibody

A

Read it, know it

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2
Q

What kind of blood cell?

Act as first responders to acute injury or illness and are phagocyte 50-70% of WBC’s

A

Neutrophils

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3
Q

Offer better long term immunity to diseases. There are two main types of lymphocytes(T cells, B cells). These lymphocytes will be discussed more in the lymphatic/immune system chapter. 20-30% of circulating WBC’s)

A

Lymphocytes

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4
Q

This blood cells are called “tissue macrophages” tissue macrophages are vigorous [ahgocytes and can also stimulate fibroblasts which can lead to scar tissue. Theses class may be present in chronic injuries or illness.

A

Monocytes

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5
Q

2-4% of WBCs are prominent cells involved in response to infection with multicellular parasites and will also respond during allergic reactions.

A

Eosinophils

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6
Q

Respond to areas of injury and release histamine and heparin which increases NFL animation and will support the chemical activity of mast cells at an injured area.

A

Basophils

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7
Q

@P wave- indicate depolarization f the atria.

@QRS complex - indicates depolarization of the ventricles. The ventricles begin contracting shortly after the peak of the R wave .

@T wave-indicates ventricular re polarization.

@Q-T interval- the time needed for the ventricles to undergo a single cycle of depolarization and re polarization.
@arterial repolarization is hidden by the larger QRS complex.

A

Read it know it.

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8
Q

Auscultation of the heart sounds.

Rate and rhythm of heartbeat.

S1- first sound LUB / S2-second heart sound DUB /
S3-“ventricular Gallop” and/or S4”atrial Gallop”
Extra Heart sounds(usually abnormal-snaps, clicks, friction rubs and murmurs)

A

Read it/ know it

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9
Q

Heart murmur intensity

1- barely heard with stethoscope and may not be heard in all positions or heard intermittently.
2-quiet but easily heard with a stethoscope and heard consistently with every beat.
3.relatively loud when using a stethoscope, No thrill
4.Loud when suing a stethoscope with a thrill present.
5.very loud, can be heard with stethoscope partially off of the chest, palpable thrill present
6.very loud, can be herd with no contact between stethoscope and chest, palpable thrill.

A

Read it/ know it

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10
Q

What kind of pulse is this?

Occurs with patients with hypertension, anemia ,hypoxia. Also can be a result of exercise or anxiety.

A

Bonding or strong pulse

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11
Q

What kind of abnormalities of the CV system?
Murmur like sounds over blood vessels in the body. Can indicate arteriosclerosis or athersclerosis and can sometime be seen in hyper-thyroidism.

A

Bruit

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12
Q

A palpable vibration , usually indicating a valve dysfunction(murmur).

A

Thrill

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13
Q

A lifting of the chest wall felt during palpation.

  • if felt on the left eternal border, could indicate right ventricular hypertrophy
  • If felt over the left ventricular area, could indicate a ventricular aneurysm.
A

Heave

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14
Q

Loss of consciousness, fainting?

A

Syncope

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15
Q

A weak bulge in a blood vessel wall that is at risk to rupture. If it ruptures it may be fatal in a very short period of time. Ultrasound, MRI can be commonly used as diagnostic tests. The most common place for developing this condition is in the aorta and they can also be seen in the brain.

A

Aneurysm

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16
Q

Irregular rhythm of heart beats. Ex) include fibrillation(extremely rapid uncoordinated shuddering of heart muscle, heart block (damage to the AV node), tachycardia,and Bradycardia. ECG sturdies and auscultation can be used for diagnosis.

A

Arrhythmias

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17
Q

High blood pressure, defined as 140/90 or higher

A

Hypertension

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18
Q

Skin in the area changes color as blood flow is disrupted. First it becomes pale, and then turns blue. Eventually it will turn red once blood flow returns.

A

Raynaud;s phenomenon.

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19
Q

An inflammation of a vein(phlebitis) that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation. A common consequence is clot detachment and a resulting pulmonary embolism, which is life threatening.

A

Thrombo-phlebitis

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20
Q

A blood clot attached to the inside of a blood vessel wall. Begins when platelets begin attaching to the roughened wall of a blood vessel. The blood vessel can be roughened and damaged by plaques ad residues from cigarette smoke. The clot may grow to the point where it completely obstructs the blood vessel. Thrombolutic drugs and anticoagulant drugs may be given to dissolve the clot and prevent further formation(Coumadin, warfarin, aspirin, tissue plasminogen activator)

A

Thrombus

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21
Q

Purple, snakelike, twisted, dilated veins in the fee and legs due to blood pooling bc of inefficient venous return.

A

Varicose veins

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22
Q

What test is this?
Dorsiflex patient’s foot, with the knee extended. Pain in calf could indicate prossible DVT(deep vein thrombosis). Please note not a very accurate test-ultrasound is a much better diagnostic tool for DVT)

A

Homan’s test/sign

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23
Q

An orthopedic test. Adson’s sign is seen when the examiner moves the patient’s arm into abduction and external rotation of the arm at the shoulder. A positive sign is when there is a los of the radial pulse in the arm when performing the movement. It can be a sign of thoracic outlet syndrome.

A

Adson’s sign

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24
Q

Is a clean he’d fist held over the chest when the patient is describing their chest pain symptoms. It is usually seen in patients with a myocardial infarction (MI).

A

Levine’ sign.

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25
Q

Diagnostic test?

Used to assess the condition of the cerebral arteries in the brain or carotid arteries in the neck commonly, but can be used to assess any artery. A radioopaque dye is injected into the blood stream and time is given for the dye to disperse. Then an X ray is taken of the arteries sof interest. The dye allows arteries narrow by arteriosclerosis to be localized. It is also used to look for a blockage or arterial defect. This is commonly ordered for individuals to that have suffered a myocardial infarction, stroke or transient ischemic attacks.

A

Arteriography(angiography)

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26
Q

This scans are a specialized X ray machine which creates 1/4” slices of the body.

A

CT scan(computed tomography)

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27
Q

A thin flexible tube(Cather) is passed through an artery in the groin or arm to reach the coronary arteries. Instruments can be inserted onto the tip of the catheter to measure blood pressure, gather and blood samples, view the inside of blood vessels or the heart etc.

A

Cardiac catherization

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28
Q

This test is done during cardiac catheterization. Aradioopaque dye that can be seen by X ray is injected the catherter into the coronary arteries. The physician can see the flow of blood through the heart and the location of blockages.

A

Coronary angiography

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29
Q

Ultrasonography of the heart. This test uses sound waves to create a picture of the heart. The picture is more detailed than an X ray image. The test shows how well the heart chambers fill with blood and pump it to the rest of the body. An echocardiogram also can help identify areas of poor blood flow the heart, areas of heart muscle that are not contracting normally and previous injury to the heart muscle caused detecting defects, myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, angina etc.

A

Electrocardiography (ECG or EKG)

30
Q

Some heart problems are easier to diagnose when the heart is working hard and beating fast. During this testing a patient exercise to male the heart works hearder and beat fast while heart tests are performed. What test is this?

A

Exercise stress test

31
Q

This is a portable monitor usually with four chest leads attached to the patient. It is used for patients that have episodes of palpitations, arrythymias or syncope that may not be present when the patient is at an appointment in the physicians’s office. Often it is work for 2t hours and will continously record heart activity and then the information recorded is evaluated by the physician.

A

Holter Monitor

32
Q

This test shows blood flow to the heart and any damage to the heart muscle. A radioactive dye is injected into the blood stream .a special camera can see the dye and fine areas where blood flow is reduced. Nuclear heart scans are often taken while the patient is at rest and again after exercise. If the patient cannot exercise , a medicine is given to increase the workload of the heart. The before and after exercise scans are compared.

A

Nuclear heart scan

33
Q

Measure the amount of oxygen in the blood and provides an early warning sign of a low level of oxygen in the blood. Often done when monitoring a heart attack victim. This can be measured with a device which rests on the patient’s finger print

A

Pulse oximetry

34
Q

This catheter is introduced through the femoral vein and is then fed to the right side of the heart. It measures pressure of the movement of blood in the right side of the heart. Can be used in diagnosis or monitoring of patients with heart attack congenital heart diseases valve regurgitation and pulmonary hypertension.

A

Swan Ganz catheter.

35
Q

Using sound waves(ultra sound) to detect structural or functional abnormalities. This procedure can be done on many organs of the body. Can be used to diagnose DVT(deep vein thrombosis).

A

Ultrasonography

36
Q

X ray study’s o detect a blockage of the veins

A

Venography

37
Q

The blood has an abnormally low oxygen-carrying capacity, leading to fatigue. The skin may be pal. This is caused by either a lower than normal number of RBCs or abnormal or deficiency hemoglobin within the RBCs. What kind of Dx?

A

Anemia

38
Q

A weak bulge in a blood vessel wall that is at risk to rupture. If it ruptures it may be fatal in a very short period of time. Ultrasounds or MRI can be common lay used as diagnostic tests. The most common place for developing this Dx. Is in the aorta. And they can also be seen in the brain. It grows slowly so symptoms can be non existent or develop slowly.

A

Aneurysm

39
Q

Temporary lack of oxygen to the cardiac muscle. Sx: can be chest pain and discomfort in the upper middle to 1/3 of the sternum, and may radiate to the left jaw, neck and arm. Pain usually follows exertion, eating meals or during periods of stress. Its usually relieved by rest. Treatment can involve the medication nitroglycerin.

A

Angina Pectoris.

40
Q

Irregular heart beat rhythm. Sx. Patient feeling fluttering flopping, racing heartbeat in chest. Acute dizziness, chest pain, SOB, hypotension, and or/abnormal pulse.

A

Arrhythmias

41
Q

Extremely rapid, uncoordinated shuddering of the art muscle. Atrial Fibrillation involves irregular contractions of the atrial muscle tissue. It is the most common type of irregular heartbeat. Ventricular fibrillation involves irregular contraction of the ventricular muscle tissue. What Dx?

A

Fibrillation.

42
Q

Create an extra contraction of the ventricular muscle prior to its normal contraction. Patient soften report a sensation of a skipped beat or a “flip flopping” sensation in their chest. What Dx?

A

Premature Ventricular Contraction.

43
Q

Damage to the Av node, creating a longer gap btw heart sounds. What Dx?

A

Heart Block

44
Q

Rapid heart beats . What Dx?

A

Tachycardia

45
Q

Slow heart beat. What Dx?

A

Bradycardia

46
Q

Thickened, harden blood vessel walls. Is thought that microscopic damage to the inner lining of the walls triggers the deposit of fair and cholesterol which occlude the vessel and eventually lead to this Dx. The formation of scar tissue and the addiction all deposit of calcium salts. If this takes place in the coronary arteries which Steve the heart this condition is called coronary artery Dx. What Dx?

A

arteriosclerosis.

47
Q

An inflammatory dx. That affects the blood vessels in the arms and legs. It can cause clots in the extrememties. Tobacco use has been strongly linked to this dx. Sx are pain in the arms or legs at rest or in movement, numbness,tingling and burning in the hands and feet. Hand and feet can be cool and mildly swollen. What Dx?

A

Buerger’s Dx.

48
Q

Inflammation of the heart. Can be caused by cardiac infections(for example:endocarditis and myocarditis)

A

Carditis

49
Q

This is atherosclerosis in the arteries of the heart. This can compromise blood flow to the myocardium of the heart and negatively impact the heart’s functioning. This can lead to angina or a myocardial infarction(Heart attack). Tests used to stress tests, or an echocardiogram. Treatment can include lifestyle changes, diet rare changes, medications(anti-hyperlipedemic, antihypertensives, diuretics)/ what Dx?

A

Coronary Artery Disease CAD

50
Q

This is a blood clot in one of the deep veins of the body-commonly the leg.

A

Deep vein Thrombosis

51
Q

A drafting blood clot in the blood stream. Can lead to other complications like pulmonary embolism, strokes and myocardial infarctions.

A

Embolus.

52
Q

Infection whcih damages the innermost lining of the heart. It si especially damaging to the chordate tendinae and the heart valves. Mortally rate can be 21-35%. Blood clots may form as a result of the damage, and these clots can then break free causing myocardial infarctions, pulmonary embolisms, kidney damage, and strokes. Heart valves will also gradually become destroyed, treatment -antibiotic therapy usually administered via IV.

A

Endocarditis

53
Q

An increased number of RBCs this is susually due to an increase in release of the hormone erythropoietin. Can be due to trauma to kidneys or lack of oxygen to kidneys. High elevations can cause body to produce more erythropoietin. Also can be a result of “Blood Doing” sometimes see down by athletes. This causes thicker than normal blood which may stress the cardiovascular system.

A

Erythrocytosis

54
Q

This is not a specific Dx. But is usually the end result of toehr disease process which have weakened the heart. This makes the heart less effective in pumping blood.often it is a result of atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries,m night blood [ressure, and or an heart attack(Myocardial infarction) . Left sided heart failure may cause fluid to build up in the lungs, causing breathing difficulties. Right sided heart failure may cause Fluid(edema) to build up in the extrememties or abdomen. What dx?

A

Heart Failure(Congestive Heart Failure-CHF)

55
Q

A genetic disorder that causes too much iron in the blood treatment may involve eating a low iron diet, no iron supplementation(so reading multivitamin labels and buying ones without iron) or removal of blood on a regular basis to lower iron levels.

A

Hemochromatosis.

56
Q

An inherited blood clotting disorder, causing inadequate production of clotting factors(proteins which help the pallets clot the blood) 80-90% of the time present in males. Transfusion of clotting factors are a common treatment. There are 2 main types of (this Dx). This Dx A has low levels of clotting factor 8, and is the most common type(80% of this Dx patients have this type) . (This Dx )B is the second most common type and has low levels of clotting factor 12.

A

Hemophilia

57
Q

Range of Hypertension.
Defined as 140/90 or higher

180/120 or higher is Hypertensive crisis/Emergency

A

Know it

58
Q

Inherited condition, where walls of left ventricle thicken to the point where it has trouble pumping blood. Can also cause a fatal arrhythmia. A pacemaker may be implanted to correct arrhythmias.

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

59
Q

Range of Hypotension?

Range of Hypertension?

Range of Hypertensive crisis?

A

Hypotension- lower than 90/60

Hypertension -higher than 140/90

Emergency- higher than 180/120

60
Q
  1. Abnormal(cancerous) blood condition involving the WBC’s, causing extremely increased WBC counts- what Dx is this?
  2. Presence of abnormal cells in the bone marrow(more common in adults)- what Dx is this?
  3. Presence of abnormal lymphocytes(often seen in children)-what Dx?
A
  1. Leukemia
  2. Myeloid Leukemia
  3. Lymphoid Leukemia
61
Q

Abnormal heart sounds that usually indicate valve problems , such as incompetent/insufficient Valves that do not close tightly or stenosed(narrowed and thickened)valves. See discussion in the abnormal examination findings section for more information.

A

Murmurs.

62
Q

Commonly called a “heart Attack” an This Dx Occurs when the myocardium is deprived of Oxygen(ischemia) leading to crushing chest pain and the eventual death of the ischemic cells. This Dx. Doe snot respond to nitroglycerine(whereas angina will respond to nitroglycerine)
Red Flag: pain in the chest that lasts more than a few minutes(it may come and go), pressure or squeezing sensation in the chest, shortness of breath, pain that radiates into the arm,neck jaw or back. This is a medical emergency and 911 should be called right away.

A

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

63
Q

This Dx Atherosclerosis in any artery which is not in the heart of brain. This condition will decrease blood flow through the affected artery and reduce blood supply to the tissue or organ that the damaged artery serves. This , in turn, will cause that organ or tissue to perform poorly due to lack of oxygen and nutrients. Risk factors include being over the ahe of 50, smoking , being overweight, high cholesterol and diabetes. Symptoms will vary, depending on whcih arteries and body parts are affected. Many people are asymptomatic. A classing symptoms of peripheral vascular disease is intermittent claudcation(Pain in the legs with walking which improves with rest). And angiography/arteriography can be used to diagnose peripheral vascular disease.

A

Peripheral Vascular Disease.

64
Q

Result from an increase in all blood cell numbers while blood volume remains the same. This causes all of the blood cells to become massively crowded in the blood stream. RBCs begin to get stuck in and block smaller vessels, thus impairing blood and oxygen flow to tissues. Usual onset ages 50-80. Cause is unknown, treatment will keep disease under control but not cure it.

A

Poly-cythemia Vera

65
Q

This is a clot in one of the blood vessels in the lungs/ most often, this clot is formed elsewhere in the body(often in the legs as a deep vein thrombosis). If the clot breaks free form the area in which it formed, this moving clot is called an (e….) when the (e….) circulates through the blood vessels. It can get stuck in the blood vessels supplying the lungs-a (what Dx is this?)
Symptoms may involve pain in the chest, SOB, coughing-(blood). Untreated pulmonary this Dx can be fatal.

A

Pulmonary Embolism.

66
Q

Most commonly affects women. Sympathetic nervous system causes excessive constriction of small arteries in the hands, feet, ears and nose. Often triggered by exposure to the cold. Skin in the areas changes color as blood flow is disrupted. First it becomes pale and then turned blue. Eventually the skin will tuner red once blood flow returns.

A

Raynaud’s Disease.

67
Q

a complication of rheumatic fever. Rheumatic fever often attacks children ages 5-15 and is a result an untreated infection by streptococcal bacteria. Fever, joint pain, stiffness, full body rash are symptoms. Carditis can develop, leading to scar tissue forming in the myocardium and valves. The calves become narrowed and thicker making them unable to shut and heal properly. Most commonly affects the mitral and aortic vales(mitral stenosis and aortic stenosis)

A

Rheumatic Heart Disease(RHD)

68
Q

Inflammation of the lord vessels bringing blood to the head - most often the temporal arteries. The vessel become inflamed and distended and are more visibly noticeably on observation during the physical exam and are tender upon palpation. Etiology is unknown . Treatment may involve corticosteroid(glucocorticoid) to reduce inflammation and prevent permanent damage.

A

Temporal Arteritis.

69
Q

An inherited condition which causes an inability to produce hemoglobin, therefore RBC numbers drop. And the RBC’s that are produced are very fragile and do not survive well. Treatment-blood transfusions.

A

Thalassemia

70
Q

An inflammation of a vein that results when a clot forms in a vessel with poor circulation. A common consequences is clot detachment and a resulting pulmonary embolism which is life threatening . What Dx?

A

Thrombophlebitis

71
Q

A blood clot attached to the inside of a blood vessel wall. Begins when pallets begin attaching to the roughened wall of a blood vessel. The blood vessel can be roughened and damaged by plaques and residue from cigarettes smoke. The clot may grow to the point where it completely obstructs the blood vessel. Thrombolytic drugs and anticoagulant drug may be given to dissolve the clot and prevent further formation(Coumadin, Warfarin, aspirin, tissue plasminogen activator)

A

Thrombus

72
Q

Purple , snakelike, twisted, dilated veins in the feet and legs due to blood pooling bc of inefficient venous return. Most often, inactivity or pressure on the veins causes the venous valves to fail. People who stand for long period of time and obese people are most at risk.

A

Varicose Veins.

Biomed Dx and Tests (13 decks)

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