Nervous System Flashcards
the nervous system
-“communication system”
-monitors internal and external environments
-evaluates sensory information
-coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of organ systems
-arrangment
=layout of central nervous system and peripheral nervous system
neurons
cells that transmit electrical signals
3 types of neurons
- sensory (receptors)
- interneurons (analysis and coordination)
- motor (effectors)
neuroglia
support neurons
- regulate environment
- provide supporting framework
- act as phagocyte
myelination
- a type of neuroglial cell (oligodendrocyte) wraps itself in several thin layers around a neuron
- acts as an insulator
- made mostly of lipids (phospholipid bilayer)
- makes action potential travel faster down the axon
speed of an impulse
different neurons conduct impulses at different speeds
what are impulses dependent on?
the diameter of the axon involved
-fatter axon= faster impulse
muscle contraction (fast or slow)
fast
anxiety/ panic during fight or flight (fast or slow)
slow
light touch or pressure sensation (fast or slow)
fast
pain (fast or slow)
slow
what does the cell membrane separate
separates the excessive amounts of + charges on the outside from an excess of - charges on the inside of a cell
-K+, Na+, Cl-, Protein-
what are the diseases of the synapse
\/ GABA/ dopamine^ - epilepsy Serotonin \/ - Bulimia Dopamine - \/ Parkinson's disease - ^ schizophrenia Serotonin, dopamine, norepinephrine - Depression - Bipolar disorder
central nervous system
relays messages, processes information, analyzes information
- the brain and spinal chord
peripheral nervous system
sensory division
motor division
sensory division
impulses from sense organs go to CNS
motor division
impulses from CNS go to muscles or glands
what does the central nervous system consist of?
the brain, brain stem, spinal chord
- protected by bone
- wrapped in meninges (protective layers)
- cerebrospinal fluid
- dura matter
cerebrospinal fluid
bathes brain, act as shock absorber
dura mater
(“hard mother”) outermost covering
what hemisphere divides your brain?
the longitudinal fissure
-linked by corpus callosum
left hemisphere
speech, language-based skills, mathematical tasks, logical decision making
right hemisphere
analyzes sensory information
3-d spatial awareness
emotional context
how many lobes of the brain are there?
4 lobes
parietal, frontal, occipital, temporal
frontal lobe
main decision making, voluntary movements, intellectual behaviors
temporal lobe
hearing, ears located there, emotions, memory processing
parietal lobe
sensory awareness, sense of taste, abstract reasoning, body imaging
occipital lobe
vision, memory of vision
cerebellum
controls muscle memory, like things you do not think about, ex: driving a car
thalamus
sits underneath the corpus callosum
regulates consciousness, directs different pieces of info to parts of the brain, ex: smelling purfume
brain stem
consists of midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata
- controls functions like breathing and heart rate
pons
sensory information is controlled here, direction it to different parts of the body
gray matter
cell bodies
white matter
axons (white= fat of myelin sheath)
male brain
wired w/ more connections in each hemisphere
more white matter (connective cables)
female brain
wired with more connections between hemispheres
more gray matter (computational tissue)
comparing male v. female brains: cerebellum
opposite connection pattern
Peripheral Nervous System
lies outside of the CNS
- consists of all nerves and associated cells not a part of the brains or spinal cord
- includes the cranial nerves
- Is divided inso sensory and motor divisions
- motor division is further subdivided into 2 divisions
the somatic nervous system
regulates activities under conscious control
- movement of skeletal muscle (anything under your control)
- some involved in reflexes (not under your control)
Reflex arch
the path that an impulse travels from sensory detection to muscle action
- usually opposes original stimulus
- monosynaptic
- polysnaptic
monosynaptic reflex
- aka stretch or “knee jerk”
- sensory neuron interacts directly with the motor neuron
- one muscle is involved
polysnaptic reflex
- aka “withdrawl”
- interneurons involved
- controls several muscle groups
autonomic nervous system
-regulates activities NOT under your control
- automatic, involuntary
-divided according to “opposite” actions
sypathetic and parasypathetic
sypathetic
(fight or flight)
accelerator
requires quick action
parasypathetic
(rest and digest/ feed and breed)
brakes
does not require quick action
eyes S vs P
S: pupil dilation, focus for distance
P: pupil constriction, focus for near
Salivary Glands S vs P
S: Production decreased
P: production is increased
Bronchi S vs P
S: increase in diameter
P: decrease in diameter
Heart Rate S vs P
S: increases
P: decreases
Stomach S vs P
S: decreases activity
P: Gastric juice secreted, activity increases
Bladder S vs P
S: Wall relaxed
P: wall contracted
