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Anatomy > Metabolism > Flashcards

Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

why do we cook?

A
  • to get rid of bacteria
  • tastes better
  • easier to eat
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2
Q

what is the difference between us and animals with food

A
  • humans prepare food, not on the go
  • we do not hibernate
  • were picky
  • gathering with family
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3
Q

what substances in food supply ____ and _____ for the body

A

energy and raw materials

  • carbs
  • fats
  • proteins
  • water
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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4
Q

where do most reactions in the body take place?

A

in water

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5
Q

what is the average daily water requirement

A

2500 mls

  • 40% drinking fluids
  • 48% from food
  • 12% metabolic water
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6
Q

minerals

A

inorganic nutrients that the body needs, usually in small amounts

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7
Q

what are the jobs of minerals

A
  • determine osmotic concentration of bodily fluids
  • play major roles in physiologic functions
  • essential cofactors in enzymatic reactions
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8
Q

how are minerals lost

A

through sweat, urine, and other waste products, but DO NOT GET DIGESTED

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9
Q

vitamines

A

“vital amine”
organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often work with enzymes
- fat-soluble vs. water-soluble
- can come from odd places (sun- vitamin D) (Bacteria in guts make vitamins)

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10
Q

calorie

A

-energy required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree C
-more practical for humans to use kilocalorie (calorie)
=1 kilogram of water by 1 degree C
females- 2200
males- 2800

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11
Q

bioenergetics

A

energy measure in calories

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12
Q

how does calorie content vary?

A

fats (9.46 C/g) vs. carbs (4.32 C/g)

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13
Q

chemical reaction in ____ provide ______/ needs?

A

mitochondria, ATP

  • needs oxygen-provided by lungs
  • nutrients; absorbed by digestive tract
  • both distributed by CV system
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14
Q

why do we need ATP energy

A

-supports growth of body
-cell division
-secretion
-contraction
-any other specialized functions
=body adjusts metabolism as cells, tissues, organs change activity levels

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15
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of organic molecules to make ATP

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of new organic compounds

  • maintenance and repair
  • support and growth
  • produce secretions
  • build nutrient reserves
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17
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

most important source of energy

  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle (kreb’s)
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18
Q

glycolysis

A

cytoplasm (anaerobic)

overall gain of 2 ATP

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19
Q

citric acid cycle (kreb’s) and ETC

A

mitochondria (aerobic)

overall gain of 36 ATP

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20
Q

lipid metabolism

A

lipids broken down and converted to pyruvic acid

  • provides large amount of energy
    1. 18-C fat vs. 3. 6-C glucose
  • forms ketone bodies
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21
Q

protein metabolism

A

when carbs and lipids run out, amino acids broken down by mitochondria

  • energy yield is equal to carbohydrates
  • also produces ketone bodies
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22
Q

nucleic acids metabolism

A

selfish

never- even if cell is starving to death

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23
Q

what are the problems with protein metabolism

A
  • more difficult to break apart (than sarbs, lipids)
  • ammonia, a by-product, toxic to cells
  • threatens homeostasis
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24
Q

ketone body problems

A

-forms acetone; diffuses into lungs, giving breath a distinctive odor
-dissociates in blood- forms an acid
= threatens blood pH(<7.05)- ketoacidosis
+ causes coma, cardiac arrhythmias, death
=diabetics- cannot use glucose (lack of insulin), so lipid/ protein catabolism- produces ketone bodies****

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25
Q

function of the digestive system

A

function- help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body

26
Q

teeth

A

bone protected by outer layer of enamel

-chewing begins mechanical digestion

27
Q

salivary glands

A

(saliva) helps to moisten food
- begins process of chemical digestion
- amylase - enzyme that breaks down starches into simpler sugars

28
Q

pharynx

A

-back of the throat
-receives air and food
-epiglottis and uvula located here
=epiglottis is the ‘gate’ for food or air
=uvula aids in vocalization

29
Q

esophagus

A

-“food tube”
-peristalsis moves food into stomach, NOT gravity
-Cardiac sphincter closes off stomach
=heartburn happens with malfunction

30
Q

the stomach

A

chemical digestion

  • glands produce hydrochloric acid
  • secreted mucus protects lining of stomach
  • pepsin- works best in acidic conditions: breaks down proteins
31
Q

mechanical digestion

A

stomach muscles contract and mix contents- produces chyme(what passes into rest of digestive tract)

32
Q

peptic ulcer

A

when acid damages the organs own lining

helicobacter pylori

33
Q

GERD

A

(Gastroesophageal reflux disease)- more serious, can include defects

34
Q

Duodenum

A

most of chemical digestion takes place here

35
Q

Jejunum

A

absorption

36
Q

ileum

A

absorption

37
Q

what increases surface area for absorption

A

plicae and villi

38
Q

small intestine

A

duodenum
jejunum
ileum

39
Q

large intestine

A

-job: to remove water from Chyme
chyme is virtually nutrient free
-Bacteria; help digestive process, produce compounds body can use

40
Q

chyme is ___

A

virtually nutrient-free

-left behind; water, cellulose, other undigestible substances

41
Q

issues with the large intestine

A

-diarrhea; something that interferes with removal of water
-constipation; too much water removal
-appendix; Human use?
=some animals- bacteria digest cellulose
=humans become inflamed, must act quickly

42
Q

Pancreas

A
  • hormones that regulate blood sugar levels
  • enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
  • sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
43
Q

liver

A
  • metabolic regulation; FIRST STOP
  • Hematological regulation
  • produces bile; lipid and salt fluid that acts like a detergent for fatty
44
Q

Gall bladder

A
  • stores excess bile

- can make gallstones, (cholesterol based)

45
Q

Functions of the urinary system

A

-regulating blood volume and blood pressure
=adjusting water volume lost in urine
=releasing erythropoeitin (stimulates RBC production)
=releasing renin (restricts salt and water loss by kidneys)
-regulating plasma concentration of ions
=Na, K, Cl, Ca
-helping to stabilize blood Ph
=H+ and HCO_3-
-conserving valuable nutrients
=glucose, amino acids saved
=Urea and uric acid released

46
Q

what makes up the urinary system?

A
  • Kidneys
  • Ureters
  • Bladder
  • Urethra
47
Q

kidneys

A

produce urine- liquid containing water, ions, small soluble compounds

48
Q

Ureters

A

muscular tubes that transport urine to bladder

49
Q

Bladder

A
  • muscular organ that stores urine

- full bladder can contain up to a LITER of urine

50
Q

Urethra

A

Extends from bladder to exterior of body

51
Q

Kidney Structure

A

Functional unit of Kidney; nephrons

- 1,000,000 per Kidney

52
Q

Renal Medulla

A

(Inner Part)

-Reabsorption and Secretion

53
Q

Renal Cortex

A

(Outer Part)

-Filtration

54
Q

Nephrons perform 3 functions

A
  • Filtration; collects filtrate such as water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins
  • Reabsorption; water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood. The concentrated fluid that remains is urine
  • Secretion; H+ ions are transmitted from the blood to the filtrate and bicarbonate from filtrate to the blood to balance blood ph.
55
Q

what control kidney function

A

controlled by composition of blood itself

  • glass of water?
  • Salty food?
56
Q

what is a urinalysis

A

examination of urine chemically, physically, microscopically

57
Q

protein metabolism disorders

A
  • branched-chain ketoaciduria (maple syrup disease)

- Alkapeonuria (black urine disease)

58
Q

Sugar metabolism disorders

A

-Diabetes Mellitus

59
Q

Edema

A

When kidneys shut down and fluid is retained inside of body tissues.
you can press into skin and leave an indentation in the skin

60
Q

Dialysis

A

uses a machine that filtrates the blood and shit ***

Anatomy (17 decks)

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