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Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

why do we cook?

A
  • to get rid of bacteria
  • tastes better
  • easier to eat
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2
Q

what is the difference between us and animals with food

A
  • humans prepare food, not on the go
  • we do not hibernate
  • were picky
  • gathering with family
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3
Q

what substances in food supply ____ and _____ for the body

A

energy and raw materials

  • carbs
  • fats
  • proteins
  • water
  • vitamins
  • minerals
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4
Q

where do most reactions in the body take place?

A

in water

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5
Q

what is the average daily water requirement

A

2500 mls

  • 40% drinking fluids
  • 48% from food
  • 12% metabolic water
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6
Q

minerals

A

inorganic nutrients that the body needs, usually in small amounts

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7
Q

what are the jobs of minerals

A
  • determine osmotic concentration of bodily fluids
  • play major roles in physiologic functions
  • essential cofactors in enzymatic reactions
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8
Q

how are minerals lost

A

through sweat, urine, and other waste products, but DO NOT GET DIGESTED

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9
Q

vitamines

A

“vital amine”
organic molecules that help regulate body processes, often work with enzymes
- fat-soluble vs. water-soluble
- can come from odd places (sun- vitamin D) (Bacteria in guts make vitamins)

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10
Q

calorie

A

-energy required to raise 1g of water by 1 degree C
-more practical for humans to use kilocalorie (calorie)
=1 kilogram of water by 1 degree C
females- 2200
males- 2800

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11
Q

bioenergetics

A

energy measure in calories

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12
Q

how does calorie content vary?

A

fats (9.46 C/g) vs. carbs (4.32 C/g)

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13
Q

chemical reaction in ____ provide ______/ needs?

A

mitochondria, ATP

  • needs oxygen-provided by lungs
  • nutrients; absorbed by digestive tract
  • both distributed by CV system
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14
Q

why do we need ATP energy

A

-supports growth of body
-cell division
-secretion
-contraction
-any other specialized functions
=body adjusts metabolism as cells, tissues, organs change activity levels

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15
Q

catabolism

A

breakdown of organic molecules to make ATP

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16
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of new organic compounds

  • maintenance and repair
  • support and growth
  • produce secretions
  • build nutrient reserves
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17
Q

carbohydrate metabolism

A

most important source of energy

  • glycolysis
  • citric acid cycle (kreb’s)
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18
Q

glycolysis

A

cytoplasm (anaerobic)

overall gain of 2 ATP

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19
Q

citric acid cycle (kreb’s) and ETC

A

mitochondria (aerobic)

overall gain of 36 ATP

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20
Q

lipid metabolism

A

lipids broken down and converted to pyruvic acid

  • provides large amount of energy
    1. 18-C fat vs. 3. 6-C glucose
  • forms ketone bodies
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21
Q

protein metabolism

A

when carbs and lipids run out, amino acids broken down by mitochondria

  • energy yield is equal to carbohydrates
  • also produces ketone bodies
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22
Q

nucleic acids metabolism

A

selfish

never- even if cell is starving to death

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23
Q

what are the problems with protein metabolism

A
  • more difficult to break apart (than sarbs, lipids)
  • ammonia, a by-product, toxic to cells
  • threatens homeostasis
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24
Q

ketone body problems

A

-forms acetone; diffuses into lungs, giving breath a distinctive odor
-dissociates in blood- forms an acid
= threatens blood pH(<7.05)- ketoacidosis
+ causes coma, cardiac arrhythmias, death
=diabetics- cannot use glucose (lack of insulin), so lipid/ protein catabolism- produces ketone bodies****

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25
function of the digestive system
function- help convert foods into simpler molecules that can be absorbed and used by the body
26
teeth
bone protected by outer layer of enamel | -chewing begins mechanical digestion
27
salivary glands
(saliva) helps to moisten food - begins process of chemical digestion - amylase - enzyme that breaks down starches into simpler sugars
28
pharynx
-back of the throat -receives air and food -epiglottis and uvula located here =epiglottis is the 'gate' for food or air =uvula aids in vocalization
29
esophagus
-"food tube" -peristalsis moves food into stomach, NOT gravity -Cardiac sphincter closes off stomach =heartburn happens with malfunction
30
the stomach
chemical digestion - glands produce hydrochloric acid - secreted mucus protects lining of stomach - pepsin- works best in acidic conditions: breaks down proteins
31
mechanical digestion
stomach muscles contract and mix contents- produces chyme(what passes into rest of digestive tract)
32
peptic ulcer
when acid damages the organs own lining | helicobacter pylori
33
GERD
(Gastroesophageal reflux disease)- more serious, can include defects
34
Duodenum
most of chemical digestion takes place here
35
Jejunum
absorption
36
ileum
absorption
37
what increases surface area for absorption
plicae and villi
38
small intestine
duodenum jejunum ileum
39
large intestine
-job: to remove water from Chyme chyme is virtually nutrient free -Bacteria; help digestive process, produce compounds body can use
40
chyme is ___
virtually nutrient-free | -left behind; water, cellulose, other undigestible substances
41
issues with the large intestine
-diarrhea; something that interferes with removal of water -constipation; too much water removal -appendix; Human use? =some animals- bacteria digest cellulose =humans become inflamed, must act quickly
42
Pancreas
- hormones that regulate blood sugar levels - enzymes that break down carbs, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids - sodium bicarbonate to neutralize stomach acid
43
liver
- metabolic regulation; FIRST STOP - Hematological regulation - produces bile; lipid and salt fluid that acts like a detergent for fatty
44
Gall bladder
- stores excess bile | - can make gallstones, (cholesterol based)
45
Functions of the urinary system
-regulating blood volume and blood pressure =adjusting water volume lost in urine =releasing erythropoeitin (stimulates RBC production) =releasing renin (restricts salt and water loss by kidneys) -regulating plasma concentration of ions =Na, K, Cl, Ca -helping to stabilize blood Ph =H+ and HCO_3- -conserving valuable nutrients =glucose, amino acids saved =Urea and uric acid released
46
what makes up the urinary system?
- Kidneys - Ureters - Bladder - Urethra
47
kidneys
produce urine- liquid containing water, ions, small soluble compounds
48
Ureters
muscular tubes that transport urine to bladder
49
Bladder
- muscular organ that stores urine | - full bladder can contain up to a LITER of urine
50
Urethra
Extends from bladder to exterior of body
51
Kidney Structure
Functional unit of Kidney; nephrons | - 1,000,000 per Kidney
52
Renal Medulla
(Inner Part) | -Reabsorption and Secretion
53
Renal Cortex
(Outer Part) | -Filtration
54
Nephrons perform 3 functions
- Filtration; collects filtrate such as water, urea, glucose, salts, amino acids, and vitamins - Reabsorption; water and nutrients are reabsorbed into the blood. The concentrated fluid that remains is urine - Secretion; H+ ions are transmitted from the blood to the filtrate and bicarbonate from filtrate to the blood to balance blood ph.
55
what control kidney function
controlled by composition of blood itself - glass of water? - Salty food?
56
what is a urinalysis
examination of urine chemically, physically, microscopically
57
protein metabolism disorders
- branched-chain ketoaciduria (maple syrup disease) | - Alkapeonuria (black urine disease)
58
Sugar metabolism disorders
-Diabetes Mellitus
59
Edema
When kidneys shut down and fluid is retained inside of body tissues. you can press into skin and leave an indentation in the skin
60
Dialysis
uses a machine that filtrates the blood and shit ***

Anatomy (17 decks)

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