Blood Flashcards
1
Q
functions of blood
A
- transportation of dissolved gases
- regulation of pH and ion composition
- restriction of blood loss at injury sites
- defense against toxins and pathogens
- stabilization of body temperature
2
Q
composition of blood
A
fluid connective tissue - plasma (matrix) - formed elements (cells) Human body contains 4-6 liters -45% consists of cells -55% plasma
3
Q
plasma composition
A
7% plasma proteins
1% other
92% water
4
Q
what makes up the other composition of plasma?
A
dissolved gases salts nutrients enzymes hormones waste products
5
Q
blood cells: erythrocytes
A
red blood cells (RBC's) - most numerous - contain hemoglobin = iron- coating protein that binds oxygen - main job: carry oxygen - produced in bone marrow - as they mature: = filled with hemoglobin = lose nuclei - average lifespan: 120 days
6
Q
antigen
A
surface proteins, identifies that it is and what it belongs to
- barcode
7
Q
antibody
A
free floating protein, specific for an antigen
8
Q
blood cells: Leukocytes
A
-white blood cells (WBC's) main jobs: - defense - assist in clean-up/ repair -migration from vessels -attracted to specific stimuli = invading pathogens, damaged tissues, WBC's -produced in bone marrow - when they mature: = contain nuclei = do not contain hemoglobin -depending on type = most live for a few days = some months, decades
9
Q
blood cells: platelets
A
large cells formed in bone marrow that break into 000’s of small pieces
- release proteins called clotting factors
10
Q
same shape
A
stick together, clump
11
Q
albumins
A
60%
- regulate osmotic pressure
- transport lipids and hormones
12
Q
plasma proteins
A
albumins
globulins
fibrinogens
13
Q
globulins
A
35%
- immune function
- transport ions, hormones, lipids
14
Q
fibrinogens
A
5%
- essential clotting component
15
Q
hemostasis
A
process that halts bleeding, starts tissue repair
- 3 phases
16
Q
first phase of hemostasis
A
vascular
- break in capillary wall
- blood vessels injured
17
Q
second phase of hemostasis
A
platelet
- clumping of platelets
- platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin
- thromboplastin converts pro
18
Q
third phase of hemostasis
A
coagulation
- clot forms
- thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which causes a clot, this clot prevents further blood loss
19
Q
Embolism
A
drifting clot
in brains - stroke
in lung - pulmonary embolism
- because the highest concentration of capillaries are in the brain or lungs
20
Q
Arteries
A
takes blood away from heart Arteries = Away - lined with smooth muscle =vasoconstriction =vasodilation
21
Q
veins
A
takes blood to the heart
-contain valves
22
Q
Capillaries
A
only blood vessels that permit gas exchange
- form beds
23
Q
types of blood vessels
A
arteries
veins
capillaries
24
Q
routes that blood can travel
A
pulmonary circulation
systemic circulation
25
pulmonary circuit
blood enters right side, low in oxygen, travels through arteries (carrying away, deoxygenated) is pumped to the lung (full of oxygen) then re enters the heart
26
systemic cuircit
takes blood out of the aorta (oxygenated blood) and sends it to the rest of the body, blood returns via inf. vena cavatiy
27
what is the pericardium
surrounds the hear (serous membrane)
28
what makes up the heart wall?
epicardium
myocardium
endocardium
29
epidardium
outer surface
30
myocardium
muscular wall of heart
31
endocardium
inner surfaces including valves
32
what does the right side of the heart do?
pumps the pulmonary circuit
33
what does the left side of the hearth do?
pumps the systemic circuit
34
how much blood do they pump/ why is one largers
pump the same amount, but the left side is larger because it needs to push against gravity to your head and toes. Right side needs to go to the lungs
35
what do the valves do? / types
keep the blood flowing in one direction
- atrioventricular
- semilunar
36
atrioventricular
prevents blood in ventricles from flowing back into atria
| -Mitral valve, tricuspid valve
37
semilunar
prevents blood in arteries from flowing back into heart
| - aortic valve, pulmonary valve
38
what are the heart sounds?
the valves shutting
39
what are chordae tendineae
"heart strings" hold Atriventricular valves in position
40
what is blood pressure
forces the blood, that is exerted against vessel walls, which is due to heart beat
avg: 120/80
- regulated by:
= nervous system (regulates smooth muscle around vessels)
= kidneys (water content in blood)
41
what can EKG diagnose
mycardial infarction (heart attack)
valve issues
irregular ventricular or atrial rythyms
42
what are the functions of the respiratory system?
- provide large area for gas exchange
- moving air across gas-exchange areas
- protection from
- dehydration
- temp changes
- pathogens
- producing sounds
- provide olfactory sensation (smell)
43
nose
cleans, warms, and moistens the air
44
pharynx
throat
45
larynx
voicebox
| covered by epiglottis
46
Trachea
windpipe
lined with c-shaped cartilages
cartilage is there so that your throat does not close up
47
Bronchi
different sizes
| cartilage c-rings
48
Bronchioles
adjustable airflow
49
Lungs
lobes
-right(3)
-left(2)
sits in pleural membranes
50
Alveoli
- about 300 million in each lung
- surrounded by capillary bed
- septal cells secrete surfactant
51
what do septal cells secrete?
surfactant
52
hemoglobin
```
= efficiency
increases oxygen capacity of 60%
inhaled air:
-21% O_2/ 0.04% CO_2
Exhaled Air:
- <15% O_2/ 4%CO_2
```
53
what controls breathing?
brain controls breathing in the medulla oblongata
- autonomic nerve control, but you have some control
- cells monitor CO_2 in blood
54
what is the avg body temp
98.6
55
avg pulse rate
72 bpm
56
what is a pulse
when the blood stretches the arterial wall
57
what are the heart sounds
"lubb dubb"
58
avg blood pressure
120/80
59
systolic
ventricles contract (blood pumps into arteries)
60
diastolic
ventricles relax (atria fill and pump to ventricles)
61
what is hyper tension
anyone who's blood pressure is greater than >140/90
62
avg respiratory rate
12-20 bpm
63
what is cardiac output
the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart per minute
Cardiac Output = Heart rate x stroke volume
64
what is the normal stroke volume for an adult
80 ml/beat
65
blood circulation
- superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava
- right atrium
- tricuspid valve
- right ventricle
- pulmonary valve
- right pulminary artery/ left pulmonary vein
- lungs
- right pulmonary vein/ left pulmonary artery
- left atrium
- mitral valve
- left ventricle
- aortic valve
- aorta
- superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava
