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Anatomy > Blood > Flashcards

Blood Flashcards

1
Q

functions of blood

A
  • transportation of dissolved gases
  • regulation of pH and ion composition
  • restriction of blood loss at injury sites
  • defense against toxins and pathogens
  • stabilization of body temperature
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2
Q

composition of blood

A 
fluid connective tissue
 - plasma (matrix)
 - formed elements (cells)
Human body contains 4-6 liters
 -45% consists of cells
 -55% plasma
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3
Q

plasma composition

A

7% plasma proteins
1% other
92% water

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4
Q

what makes up the other composition of plasma?

A 
dissolved gases
salts
nutrients
enzymes
hormones
waste products
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5
Q

blood cells: erythrocytes

A 
red blood cells (RBC's)
- most numerous 
- contain hemoglobin 
  = iron- coating protein that binds oxygen
- main job: carry oxygen
- produced in bone marrow
- as they mature:
 = filled with hemoglobin
 = lose nuclei 
- average lifespan: 120 days
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6
Q

antigen

A

surface proteins, identifies that it is and what it belongs to
- barcode

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7
Q

antibody

A

free floating protein, specific for an antigen

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8
Q

blood cells: Leukocytes

A 
-white blood cells (WBC's)
 main jobs: 
 - defense
 - assist in clean-up/ repair 
-migration from vessels
-attracted to specific stimuli 
 = invading pathogens, damaged tissues, WBC's
-produced in bone marrow 
- when they mature:
  = contain nuclei
  = do not contain hemoglobin 
-depending on type 
 = most live for a few days
 = some months, decades
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9
Q

blood cells: platelets

A

large cells formed in bone marrow that break into 000’s of small pieces
- release proteins called clotting factors

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10
Q

same shape

A

stick together, clump

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11
Q

albumins

A

60%

  • regulate osmotic pressure
  • transport lipids and hormones
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12
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumins
globulins
fibrinogens

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13
Q

globulins

A

35%

  • immune function
  • transport ions, hormones, lipids
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14
Q

fibrinogens

A

5%

- essential clotting component

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15
Q

hemostasis

A

process that halts bleeding, starts tissue repair

- 3 phases

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16
Q

first phase of hemostasis

A

vascular

  • break in capillary wall
  • blood vessels injured
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17
Q

second phase of hemostasis

A

platelet

  • clumping of platelets
  • platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin
  • thromboplastin converts pro
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18
Q

third phase of hemostasis

A

coagulation

  • clot forms
  • thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin which causes a clot, this clot prevents further blood loss
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19
Q

Embolism

A

drifting clot
in brains - stroke
in lung - pulmonary embolism
- because the highest concentration of capillaries are in the brain or lungs

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20
Q

Arteries

A 
takes blood away from heart 
Arteries = Away
- lined with smooth muscle 
 =vasoconstriction
 =vasodilation
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21
Q

veins

A

takes blood to the heart

-contain valves

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22
Q

Capillaries

A

only blood vessels that permit gas exchange

- form beds

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23
Q

types of blood vessels

A

arteries
veins
capillaries

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24
Q

routes that blood can travel

A

pulmonary circulation

systemic circulation

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25
Q

pulmonary circuit

A

blood enters right side, low in oxygen, travels through arteries (carrying away, deoxygenated) is pumped to the lung (full of oxygen) then re enters the heart

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26
Q

systemic cuircit

A

takes blood out of the aorta (oxygenated blood) and sends it to the rest of the body, blood returns via inf. vena cavatiy

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27
Q

what is the pericardium

A

surrounds the hear (serous membrane)

28
Q

what makes up the heart wall?

A

epicardium
myocardium
endocardium

29
Q

epidardium

A

outer surface

30
Q

myocardium

A

muscular wall of heart

31
Q

endocardium

A

inner surfaces including valves

32
Q

what does the right side of the heart do?

A

pumps the pulmonary circuit

33
Q

what does the left side of the hearth do?

A

pumps the systemic circuit

34
Q

how much blood do they pump/ why is one largers

A

pump the same amount, but the left side is larger because it needs to push against gravity to your head and toes. Right side needs to go to the lungs

35
Q

what do the valves do? / types

A

keep the blood flowing in one direction

  • atrioventricular
  • semilunar
36
Q

atrioventricular

A

prevents blood in ventricles from flowing back into atria

-Mitral valve, tricuspid valve

37
Q

semilunar

A

prevents blood in arteries from flowing back into heart

- aortic valve, pulmonary valve

38
Q

what are the heart sounds?

A

the valves shutting

39
Q

what are chordae tendineae

A

“heart strings” hold Atriventricular valves in position

40
Q

what is blood pressure

A

forces the blood, that is exerted against vessel walls, which is due to heart beat
avg: 120/80
- regulated by:
= nervous system (regulates smooth muscle around vessels)
= kidneys (water content in blood)

41
Q

what can EKG diagnose

A

mycardial infarction (heart attack)
valve issues
irregular ventricular or atrial rythyms

42
Q

what are the functions of the respiratory system?

A
  • provide large area for gas exchange
  • moving air across gas-exchange areas
  • protection from
    • dehydration
    • temp changes
    • pathogens
  • producing sounds
  • provide olfactory sensation (smell)
43
Q

nose

A

cleans, warms, and moistens the air

44
Q

pharynx

A

throat

45
Q

larynx

A

voicebox

covered by epiglottis

46
Q

Trachea

A

windpipe
lined with c-shaped cartilages
cartilage is there so that your throat does not close up

47
Q

Bronchi

A

different sizes

cartilage c-rings

48
Q

Bronchioles

A

adjustable airflow

49
Q

Lungs

A

lobes
-right(3)
-left(2)
sits in pleural membranes

50
Q

Alveoli

A
  • about 300 million in each lung
  • surrounded by capillary bed
  • septal cells secrete surfactant
51
Q

what do septal cells secrete?

A

surfactant

52
Q

hemoglobin

A 
= efficiency
increases oxygen capacity of 60%
inhaled air:
-21% O_2/ 0.04% CO_2
Exhaled Air:
- <15% O_2/ 4%CO_2
53
Q

what controls breathing?

A

brain controls breathing in the medulla oblongata

  • autonomic nerve control, but you have some control
  • cells monitor CO_2 in blood
54
Q

what is the avg body temp

A

98.6

55
Q

avg pulse rate

A

72 bpm

56
Q

what is a pulse

A

when the blood stretches the arterial wall

57
Q

what are the heart sounds

A

“lubb dubb”

58
Q

avg blood pressure

A

120/80

59
Q

systolic

A

ventricles contract (blood pumps into arteries)

60
Q

diastolic

A

ventricles relax (atria fill and pump to ventricles)

61
Q

what is hyper tension

A

anyone who’s blood pressure is greater than >140/90

62
Q

avg respiratory rate

A

12-20 bpm

63
Q

what is cardiac output

A

the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart per minute
Cardiac Output = Heart rate x stroke volume

64
Q

what is the normal stroke volume for an adult

A

80 ml/beat

65
Q

blood circulation

A
  • superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava
  • right atrium
  • tricuspid valve
  • right ventricle
  • pulmonary valve
  • right pulminary artery/ left pulmonary vein
  • lungs
  • right pulmonary vein/ left pulmonary artery
  • left atrium
  • mitral valve
  • left ventricle
  • aortic valve
  • aorta
  • superior vena cava/ inferior vena cava

Anatomy (17 decks)

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