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Anatomy > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

1
Q

How can knowledge of histology help develop regenerative medicine?

A
  • You must be familiar with what the body will reject and will not
  • Challenges of tissue types: it is not easy to develop nerve cells, compared to tissue cells
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2
Q

what types of diseases and health situations can benefit from this technology

A
  • Repairing lost limbs, repairing organs, like liver, and heart, burn victims
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3
Q

how soon will we benefit from this technology?

A
  • within 5 years
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4
Q

Histology

A

Study of tissues

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5
Q

language of anatomy

A

Usually in greek or latin languages

point of reference always refers to the subjects (pacients) left and right, not yours

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6
Q

Body Cavities

A

functions are:

  • protects delicate organs
  • permit change in size and shape w/o damage to nearby organs
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7
Q

ventral cavities

A

ventral cavities contain your visceral organs:

  • thoracic
  • abdominal
  • pelvic
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8
Q

Dorsal cavities

A

dorsal cavities contain your nervous system:

  • cranial
  • spinal
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9
Q

1st tissue type

A

nervous tissue

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10
Q

Nervous tissue

A

-receives analyzes and sends messages through electric signaling
2 types:
-Neuron: communication
-Neuroglia: supports neurons

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11
Q

how long can nervous tissue grow?

A

39 in

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12
Q

neurons can not

A

divide, they have a limited repair

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13
Q

3 main parts to each neuron

A

-cell body
-dendrites: receive info
axon- carry info to other cells

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14
Q

muscle tissue

A

specialized for contraction (movement)

  • proteins: actin and myosin
  • most abundant tissue type in most animals
  • 3 types
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15
Q

first type of muscle tissue

A

skeletal
- very large, multinucleate cells pushed off to the side of the cell, packed with protein
=up to 10 inches long
- muscle cells= muscle fibers
- muscle fibers are incapable of dividing
=stem cells present to partially repair injury
-marked by striations
- under voluntary nervous control

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16
Q

striations

A

stripes

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17
Q

2nd type of muscle tissue

A

smooth muscle

  • found in organs
  • small in size, single nucleus
  • since actin is scattered throughout cell, no striations
  • smooth muscle cells can divide, therefore can regenerate after injury
  • involuntary muscle control
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18
Q

third type of muscle tissue

A

cardiac muscle

  • found only in the heart
  • striated
  • typically smaller, can be branched, usually one nucleus
  • INTERCONNECTED THROUGH INTERCALATED DISCS
  • no stem cells, limited and incomplete rapirs
  • do not rely on nervous system- but pacemakers cells
  • involuntary control
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19
Q

Serous Membranes

A
  • Line the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
  • there are 3, each consist of a simple epithelium supported by loose connective tissue
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20
Q

Pleura

A

lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs

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21
Q

Peritoneum

A

lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach

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22
Q

Pericardium

A

lines the pericardial cavity ad covers the heart

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23
Q

Parietal portion of the serous membrane

A

lines the inner surface of the cavity

ex: lines the inner surfaces of the pericardial sac that surrounds the pericardial cavity

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24
Q

visceral portion of the serous membrane

A

covers the outer surface of organs within the body cavity

ex: covers the heart

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25
Q

primary function of any serous membrane

A

to minimize friction between the opposing parietal and visceral surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape

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26
Q

how is friction reduced?

A

by a watery, serous fluid, formed by fluids diffusing from underlying tissues

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27
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

skin, covers the surface of the body.

  • consists of a stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying dense connective tissues
  • thick, waterproof, usually dry
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28
Q

Articulations

A

the joints at which bones contact each other

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29
Q

joints that allow free movement are surrounded by what?

A

a fibrous capsule, and contain a joint cavity lined by a Synovial membrane

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30
Q

Synovial membrane

A

consists of loose connective tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue

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31
Q

ends of bones are covered in what?

A

hyaline cartilage, and separated by a viscous synovial fluid, produced by fibroblasts in the connective tissue of the synovial membrane

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32
Q

synovial fluid

A

helps lubricate the joint, to permit smooth movement

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33
Q

muscle tissue

A

is specialized for contraction

  • involves interaction between filaments of myosin and actin
  • filaments are numerous and arranged so that their interaction produces a contraction of the entire cell
34
Q

restoration of homeostasis following a tissue injury involves

A

inflammation and regeneration

35
Q

inflammation

A

area is isolated from neighboring healthy tissue while damaged cells, tissue components, and any dangerous microorganisms are cleaned up
- produces swelling, warmth, redness, and pain

36
Q

how does inflammation occur?

A

impact, abrasion, chemical irritation, extreme temperatures

- when these things happen, they stimulate mast cells

37
Q

mast cells

A

release chemicals (histamine and heparin) that cause local blood vessels to dilate (enlarge in diameter) and become more permeable

38
Q

regeneration

A

damaged tissues are replaced or repaired to restore normal function
- fibroblasts produce a dense network of collagen fibers known as scar tissue or fibrous tissue

39
Q

tissues that regenerate well

A

epithelia, connective tissues(except cartliage), and smooth muscle tissue usually regenerate well

40
Q

why is damage to the heart more serious than skin cells?

A

because your skin is made up of epithelia cells, and your heart is made up of connective tissue, but is only replaced by fibrous connective tissue

41
Q

fibrosis

A

permanent replacement of normal tissues

42
Q

what happens to tissues during aging?

A

speed and effectiveness decrease

  • epithelial get thinner and connective tissue more fragile
  • individuals bruise easier and bones are more fragile
43
Q

functions of epithelia

A
  • provide physical protection
  • control permeability
  • provides sensation
  • produce specialized secretions
44
Q

epithelial tissues

A
  • cover free surfaces(internal and external)

- also includes glands

45
Q

Intercellular connections

A
  • tight junctions
  • gap junctions
  • desmosomes
46
Q

tight junctions

A
  • prevent water and solutes from passing between cells
47
Q

gap junctions

A
  • rapid communication

- cells held together by proteins forming a channel

48
Q

desmosomes

A
  • durable interconnections

- locked together by intercellular cement and proteins

49
Q

epithelial surfaces

A

-apical surfaces often have specialized structures: microvilli, cilia
-basement membrane
=provides connection of epithelial cells to the body
=barrier
=network of protein fibers

50
Q

types of epithelial tissue

A 
characterized by layers and shapes
-layers: simple vs. stratified 
 =simple: one layer
 =stratified: multiple layers
-shapes: squamous, columnar, or cubodial
51
Q

Neuroglia

A 
supports neurons
 =physical support
 =maintain chemical composition of fluids
 =supply nutrients
 =defend from infection
52
Q

squamous epithelial tissue

A
  • thin, plate like
  • found: lining the heart and blood vessels, body cavity lining, alveoli in lungs
  • function in diffusion, filtration
    ex: absorption of gases and nutrients across capillary blood vessels
53
Q

cuboidal epithelial tissue

A
  • square shaped
  • found: glands, tubules of kidney, ducts of reproductive tract
  • function in secretion
    ex: release of hormones from glands
54
Q

columnar epithelial tissue

A

-tall, column-shaped
=free surface may have microvilli
=finger-like projections that increase surface area
-found: line the GI tract
-function: in secretion and absorption
ex: food absorption in the small intestine

55
Q

stratified epithelial tissue

A

multiple layers

  • mature layers close to or at free surface
  • lower, internal layers are germinating (growing)
    found: skin, esophagus, stomach
    function: in resisting wear and tear
    ex: cheek cells
56
Q

Connective Tissue

A

most diverse group

functions:
- support and protection
- transportation of materials
- storage of energy reserves
- defense of the body

57
Q

Whats in connective tissue?

A

-specialized cells
-protein fibers
-ground substance
= surrounds cells and fibers- clear, consistency of maple syrup

58
Q

connective tissue types

A 
3 types
- connective tissue proper
 = fibroblasts, macrophages, fat cells, mast cells
-fluid connective
 =blood and lymph 
-supporting connective
 =cartilage
59
Q

Connective Tissue Fibers

A

Collagen- most abundant
Elastin- like a rubber band
Reticular- thinner

60
Q

collagen

A

most abundant

  • flexible with high tensile strength (end to End)
  • highly ordered, bundled
61
Q

Elastin

A

stretches and returns to original shape

  • usually thinner than collagen
  • random, branched networks
62
Q

Reticular

A

Also collagen, but much thinner and no bundling

63
Q

CTP: loose connective

A 
Areolar 
-least specialized
-separates skin from underlying muscles 
Adipose 
-Adipocytes 
-source of padding and insulation
64
Q

DTP: dense connective

A

mostly collagen fibers

  • tendons: muscle to bone
  • ligaments: bone to bone
65
Q

Fluid connective Tissue

A

Blood

Lymph

66
Q

Blood

A

-contained by CV system
-suspended in plasma
=RBC
=WBC
=Platelets

67
Q

Lymph

A
  • Contained by lymphatic system

- filtration of water and solutes

68
Q

Supporting connective tissue

A

matrix- numerous fiber and mineral deposits
cartiliage
bone
constant remodeling= complete repair

69
Q

avascular

A

the absence of vessels

70
Q

membranes

A

different meaning for different functions

  • cell: semipermeable membrane
  • tissue: basement membrane separates tissues
  • protection of structures- epithelial and connective tissues combine
  • 4 types
71
Q

Mucous membrane

A

lines cavities that communicate with the exterior

ex: lining of stomach

72
Q

types of membranes

A
  • mucous
  • serous
  • cutaneous
  • synovial
73
Q

Serous membrane

A

lines sealed internal subdivisions of the ventral cavity

ex: lines and covers the heart

74
Q

Cutaneous membrane

A

covers the surface of the body

ex: skin

75
Q

synovial membrane

A

surrounds joints

76
Q

tissue injuries and repair

A

have to restore homeostasis
- inflammation: clean up damaged tissues
- regeneration:
=fibroblasts produce dense collagen network-scar.
=different tissues have different abilities to regenerate

77
Q

Adipose

A
  • Adipocytes (fat cells)

- source of padding and insulation

78
Q

what is the matrix made up of?

A

numerous mineral and fiber deposits

79
Q

bone

A

-matrix mostly Ca+ compounds and flexible collagen fibers
-strong and resistant to shattering
structures:
-osteocytes: bone cells reside in lacunae
-canaliculi: provides access to blood

80
Q

cartliage

A 
-provides support and flexibility 
Chondrocytes-produce gel
  =Reside in lacunae
-avascular
-found in: ears, nose, sternum, vertebrae 
-resistant to repair
81
Q

characteristics of epithelial tissues

A
  • cells bound closely together
  • an apical (free) surface
  • attached to basement membrane
  • avascular (absence of blood vessels)
  • continually replaced/ regenerated

Anatomy (17 decks)

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