Chapter 2 Flashcards
How can knowledge of histology help develop regenerative medicine?
- You must be familiar with what the body will reject and will not
- Challenges of tissue types: it is not easy to develop nerve cells, compared to tissue cells
what types of diseases and health situations can benefit from this technology
- Repairing lost limbs, repairing organs, like liver, and heart, burn victims
how soon will we benefit from this technology?
- within 5 years
Histology
Study of tissues
language of anatomy
Usually in greek or latin languages
point of reference always refers to the subjects (pacients) left and right, not yours
Body Cavities
functions are:
- protects delicate organs
- permit change in size and shape w/o damage to nearby organs
ventral cavities
ventral cavities contain your visceral organs:
- thoracic
- abdominal
- pelvic
Dorsal cavities
dorsal cavities contain your nervous system:
- cranial
- spinal
1st tissue type
nervous tissue
Nervous tissue
-receives analyzes and sends messages through electric signaling
2 types:
-Neuron: communication
-Neuroglia: supports neurons
how long can nervous tissue grow?
39 in
neurons can not
divide, they have a limited repair
3 main parts to each neuron
-cell body
-dendrites: receive info
axon- carry info to other cells
muscle tissue
specialized for contraction (movement)
- proteins: actin and myosin
- most abundant tissue type in most animals
- 3 types
first type of muscle tissue
skeletal
- very large, multinucleate cells pushed off to the side of the cell, packed with protein
=up to 10 inches long
- muscle cells= muscle fibers
- muscle fibers are incapable of dividing
=stem cells present to partially repair injury
-marked by striations
- under voluntary nervous control
striations
stripes
2nd type of muscle tissue
smooth muscle
- found in organs
- small in size, single nucleus
- since actin is scattered throughout cell, no striations
- smooth muscle cells can divide, therefore can regenerate after injury
- involuntary muscle control
third type of muscle tissue
cardiac muscle
- found only in the heart
- striated
- typically smaller, can be branched, usually one nucleus
- INTERCONNECTED THROUGH INTERCALATED DISCS
- no stem cells, limited and incomplete rapirs
- do not rely on nervous system- but pacemakers cells
- involuntary control
Serous Membranes
- Line the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity
- there are 3, each consist of a simple epithelium supported by loose connective tissue
Pleura
lines the pleural cavities and covers the lungs
Peritoneum
lines the peritoneal cavity and covers the surfaces of enclosed organs such as the liver and stomach
Pericardium
lines the pericardial cavity ad covers the heart
Parietal portion of the serous membrane
lines the inner surface of the cavity
ex: lines the inner surfaces of the pericardial sac that surrounds the pericardial cavity
visceral portion of the serous membrane
covers the outer surface of organs within the body cavity
ex: covers the heart
primary function of any serous membrane
to minimize friction between the opposing parietal and visceral surfaces when an organ moves or changes shape
how is friction reduced?
by a watery, serous fluid, formed by fluids diffusing from underlying tissues
Cutaneous membrane
skin, covers the surface of the body.
- consists of a stratified squamous epithelium and the underlying dense connective tissues
- thick, waterproof, usually dry
Articulations
the joints at which bones contact each other
joints that allow free movement are surrounded by what?
a fibrous capsule, and contain a joint cavity lined by a Synovial membrane
Synovial membrane
consists of loose connective tissue and an incomplete layer of epithelial tissue
ends of bones are covered in what?
hyaline cartilage, and separated by a viscous synovial fluid, produced by fibroblasts in the connective tissue of the synovial membrane
synovial fluid
helps lubricate the joint, to permit smooth movement