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Anatomy > Muscles and Bones > Flashcards

Muscles and Bones Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal system

A 
support
leverage
protection 
blood cell production
storage- of minerals (calcium, phosphate)
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2
Q

how many bones are you born with?/ as an adult how many do you have?

A

350+

206- bones fuse together as a child

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3
Q

why might infants have more bones?

A

have to be able to fit through birthing canal

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4
Q

what are the Macroscopic features of the Bone?

A

bones- solid network of living cells and protein fibers that are surrounded by deposits of calcium salts
-connective tissue

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5
Q

Periosteum

A

tough, connective tissue covering

- joins with tendons and ligaments

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6
Q

bone marrow

A

inside bone cavities

  • red: makes blood cells
  • yellow: fatty connective tissue
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7
Q

what are the microcsopic features of the bone?

A

compact bone

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8
Q

compact bone

A

dense

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9
Q

osteon

A

basic functional unit

  • arranged around canals
  • aka Haversian system
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10
Q

Spongy Bone

A

lattice adds strength w/o mass

  • no osteon’s
  • calcified matrix forms trabeculae
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11
Q

mass of your bones is made up of

A

minerals
2% cells
1/3 collagen fibers
2/3 ca_3 (PO_4)_2

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12
Q

osteocytes

A

mature bone cells

maintain normal bone structure

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13
Q

osteoclasts

A

secrete acids and enzymes to break down bony matrix and release minerals
-very large and may contain over 50 nuclei
BREAK DOWN

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14
Q

osteoblast

A

cells that create new bone
-when surrounded by calcified matrix, matures into osteocyte
CREATE

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15
Q

ossification

A

replacing tissues with bone

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16
Q

intramembranous

A

bone grows in membranes

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17
Q

endochondrial

A

bone replaces cartilage

-many long bones have growth plates at either end

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18
Q

ossification by adulthood

A 
cartilage remains where flexibility is needed 
timing of ossification varies
- toes by age 11
-arms and legs 18 (women) 20 (men) 
-pelvis, wrist by age 25
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19
Q

Remodeling

A

Osteoclast activity balanced by osteoblast activity
-18% turnover rate for bone
support
- what you don’t use, you lose
Homeostasis and mineral storage
- body usually only allows 10% chance in calcium

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20
Q

Axial Skeleton

A

-supports the central axis of body and encases viscera (soft organs)
-includes 80 bones
=skull (29)
=Vertebral column (26)
=Rib cage (25)

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21
Q

The skull is divided into…

A

brain case and facial bones
-8 cranial bones
-14 facial bones
7 associated bones

22
Q

sutures

A

held together by immovable joints
- flexible in young children, becomes fixed as you age
Found in the Skull

23
Q

Hyoid

A

fuses from 3 bones in early adulthood

function: provides anchor point for muscles of tongue and neck

24
Q

Cranial Bones

A

8

25
Q

Fontanels

A

Newborn “soft spots”

26
Q

Foramina

A

Allow blood vessels and nerves to enter/ leave cranium

27
Q

Foramen Magnum

A

where medulla oblongata projects out from skull

28
Q

Vertebral Column

A

Vertebrae are irregular bones consisting of several parts

  • spinous process: found on the outside
  • transverse process
  • vertebral foramen
  • body: found on the inside
29
Q

how many vertebrae do humans have?

A 
have 33/ end with 26 
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (articulate with ribs)
5 lumbar (lower back/ major weight-bearing) 
5 sacral (fused to form the sacrum)
4 coccygeal (fused to form the coccyx)
30
Q

Intervertebral Discs

A

Fibrocartilagenous rings that contain a jelly-like fluid

Major role is bearing weight

31
Q

Thoracic Cage

A 
protects the visceral organs 
-sternum 
=manubrium
=body
=xiphoid process
-ribs
-12 pairs of ribs, connected posteriorly to vertebrae 
Anteriorly:
- 1 to 7 connect to sternum 
-8 to 10 connect with cartilage 
- 11 to 12 are the "floating ribs"
32
Q

Sternum

A

=manubrium
=body
=xiphoid process

33
Q

ribs

A 
-12 pairs of ribs, connected posteriorly to vertebrae 
Anteriorly:
- 1 to 7 connect to sternum 
-8 to 10 connect with cartilage 
- 11 to 12 are the "floating ribs"
34
Q

What is the appendicular skeleton

A

suspended from axial skeleton

includes: bones of limbs, pelvis and shoulder

35
Q

Upper Appendicular Skeleton

A 
clavicle
scapula
humerus
radius
ulna
carpal bones
metacarpals
phalanges- fingers
36
Q

Lower Appendicular Skeleton

A 
pelvis
 -ilium
 -ischium
 -pubic bone
Femur
Patella
Tibia- Thicker
Fibula- smaller, fib-little white lie
Calcaneus
Tarsal Bones- ankle 
Metatarsals- meet the fat part of foot
Phalanges- toes
37
Q

articulations (joints) types

A

where bones meet one another

  • immovable
  • slightly movable- little farther apart
  • freely moveable
38
Q

immovable

A

(close together)
=between bones of skull
=between teeth and jaws

39
Q

slightly movable

A

little farther apart

  • adjacent vertebrae
  • R/L halves of anterior pelvis
40
Q

freely moveable joints

A

most familiar joint

41
Q

types of freely moving joints

A
  • gliding joint- 2 bones come together and glides: clavicle and manubrium
  • hinge joint-only operates in 2 directions
  • pivot joint
  • saddle joint- modified hinge
  • ball and socket- ball shape at end of bone and sits in a preformed socket
42
Q

structure of joints

A

-ligament- bone to bone
-tendon- bone to muscle
-joint capsule
=synovial fluid: lubricating film
-may have bursae - “shock absorbers”
-bones in a joint may be covered by cartilage
= ex. meniscus in knee

43
Q

joint disorders

A

-bursitis- too much fluid fills the bursae and become inflamed
-arthritis: inflammation of the joints (affects 10% of population)
=over 100 types
=osteoarthritis- most common
=Rheumatoin- autoimmune disorder
-hypermobility “double jointed”

44
Q

appositional growth

A

occurs as cells of the peritoseum develop into osteoblasts and produce additional bony matrix

45
Q

how does vitamin D play an important role in normal calcium metabolism?

A

after it is processed in the liver, kidneys convert it into calcitriol, a hormone that stimulates the absorption of calcium and phosphate ions into the digestive tract

46
Q

what do reduced amounts of calcium salt cause?

A

bones to become flexible, bowleggedness is developed

47
Q

during intramembraneous ossification, what type of tissue is replaced by bone?

A

fibrous connective tissue

48
Q

how can x-rays of the femur be used to determined full height

A

by looking at the epiphyseal cartilage, if it is still present, bone growth is still occurring

49
Q

how does castration affect height?

A

removes the source of testosterone, which contributes to a spurt of bone growth. would expect longer (slower) growth period, end up being taller

50
Q

why are women given calcium suplements and encouraged to drink milk, even though their skeletons are fully formed?

A

to support bone growth in the developing fetus. Body will take mothers calcium and give it to baby if there is not enough

Anatomy (17 decks)

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