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Anatomy > Capter 7: Muscular System (Muscle Notes) > Flashcards

Capter 7: Muscular System (Muscle Notes) Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of skeletal muscle

A 
Produce movement
Maintain posture and body position
support soft tissues
guard entrance/ exits
maintain body temperature
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2
Q

Gross anatomy of a Muscle

A 
3 layers of connective tissue
- Epimysium
-perimysium 
- Endomysium
All layers come together to form tendon
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3
Q

Epimysium

A

separates muscle organ from surrounding tissues and organs

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4
Q

Perimysium

A

divides bundles of muscle fibers into fascicles

- contains blood vessels and nerves that supply fasicles

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5
Q

Endomysium

A

surrounds muscle fibers and ties them together

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6
Q

tendons are what type of tissue

A

connective

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7
Q

Microanatomy

A

cell membrane= sarcolemma
cytoplasm= sarcoplasm
transverse tubules- network of tunnels that coordinate contraction

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8
Q

myofibrils

A
  • 1-2 um diameter/ run length of muscle
  • 000’s contained in 1 muscle fiber
  • made up of thick (myosin) and thin (actin) filaments
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9
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A
  • surrounds each myofibril
  • contains calcium ions, used for contraction
  • release of calcium initiates muscle contraction
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10
Q

Sarcomeres

A
  • smallest functional unit of the muscle fiber
  • produces striated appearance
  • thick and thin filaments line up next to each other
  • neither filament spans the entire sarcomere
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11
Q

Thick and thin filaments

A

-actin molecules have an active site that interacts with myosin
=tropomyosin covers these sites when “resting”
- Myosin has a globular head and tail
- Calcium is the key that unlocks active sites and begins a contraction
= bond to tropomyosin, causes change in shape

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12
Q

how do muscles control contraction?

Control of Muscle Contractions

A
  • neuromuscular junctions link nervous and muscular systems

- release of acetylcholine triggers release of Calcium ions

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13
Q

sacolemma

A

cell membrane

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14
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm

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15
Q

transverse tubules

A

network of tunnels that coordinate contraction

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16
Q

resting sarcomere

A

the unit of the muscle that contracts to allow movement

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17
Q

once calcium leaves, it causes

A

shape change, blocking actin from bonding with myosin

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18
Q

tropomyosin acts as

A

the lid to the cookie jar

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19
Q

rigor mortis

A

-circulation ceases upon death
- run out of ATP which leaves SR unable to remove Calcium
- What happens?
= causes a sustained contraction bc no ATP available to detach cross bridges
= lasts for 15-25 hours (enzymes break down everything)

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20
Q

Muscle Mechanics

A

-muscles pull, causing tension
=must overcome resistance
-cannot push away from an object (compression)
= because muscle cells can only contract, sarcomeres can not widen

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21
Q

twitch

A

single stimulation sequence of a fiber

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22
Q

muscle fiber

A 
twitch 
3 phases:
- latent: calcium removed
-contraction: sliding filament
- relaxation: actively takes out calcium from the SR
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23
Q

Tetanus

A
  • summation
  • incomplete tetanus
  • complete tetanus
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24
Q

Summation

A

addition of one twitch to another

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25
Q

incomplete tetanus

A

produces almost peak tension

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26
Q

complete tetanus

A

occurs when relaxation phase completely eliminated

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27
Q

tetanus

A

lock jaw

  • caused by a bacterium (clostridium tetani)
  • thrives in low oxygen, like deep tissue
  • releases toxin affecting motor neurons, yielding contraction of muscles
  • 40-60% mortality rate
  • no after effect, after 2-4 weeks
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28
Q

motor units, muscle fibers are controlled by what?

A

a single motor neuron

  • size of unit determines how fine level of control is
  • fewer fibers= greater control
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29
Q

what occurs when all motor units of a muscle are activated?

A

peak tension

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30
Q

sustained contractions

A

motor units will activate on rotating basis

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31
Q

the resting tension in muscle causes

A

no movement is caused

- stabilizes position of muscles and bones

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32
Q

atrophy

A

regular stimulation by a motor neuron is NOT achieved- becomes weak ex: broken arm or leg

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33
Q

types of contractions

A

isometric

isotonic

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34
Q

isometric

A

no joint movement (plank, wall squats, static lunges, yoga)

  • muscle remains same in length
  • tension never exceeds resistance
    ex: pushing against a wall/ holding
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35
Q

isotonic

A

joint moves

  • muscle holds same tension
  • contracts up to a point where resistance is over come (moves)
    ex: lifting an object, walking, running
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36
Q

where does each muscle begin?

A

at an origin (stationary)

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37
Q

where does each muscle end?

A

at an insertion (moves)

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38
Q

What do muscles produce?

A

a specific action, like flexion or extension

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39
Q

agonist

A

(prime mover)

contraction primarily responsible for movement

40
Q

antagonist

A

muscles oppose
action produced by another muscle
- can also be a prime mover (ex: triceps)

41
Q

what are functional opposites

A

agonist and antagonist

42
Q

synergist

A

helps prime agonist work efficiently

43
Q

aerobic

A

requires oxygen to generate energy

  • energy is produced by cellular respiration in mitochondria
    ex: distance running and swimming
44
Q

anaerobic

A

does not require oxygen

  • energy is produced by glycolysis in cytoplasm
    ex: weight lifting/ sprinting
45
Q

sufficient oxygen means

A

ATP needs are met by mitochondria

46
Q

insufficient oxygen means

A

glycolysis begins

and lactic acid builds up

47
Q

muscle performance is determined by

A
  • types of muscle fibers

- Physical conditioning

48
Q

slow twitch

A
  • loaded with mitochondria(cellular respiration)
  • fatty acids are the major source of energy source
  • resistant to fatigue
  • rich in myoglobin which is red in color
49
Q

fast twitch

A
  • few mitochondria
  • glycogen is the major source of energy
  • fatigue easily= produces lactic acid
  • low in myoglobin which is white in color
50
Q

functions of skeletal system

A
  • supporting weight of body, provided by bones
  • storing energy reserves such as lipids in areas filled with yellow marrow
  • blood cell production; red, and white blood cells produced, filling internal bone cavity
  • protection; ribs protect the heart and lungs; skull/ brain
  • leverage; bones function as levers, changing the magnitude and direction of forces generated by muscles
51
Q

how do bones work together with muscle

A

to maintain body position, and produce controlled, precise movements

52
Q

macroscopic features of bone

A

long bone
short bone
flat bone
irregular bone

53
Q

long bone

A

longer than they are wide (humerus, femur)

54
Q

short bone

A

dimensions equal to long bones, just shorter (carpal bones, tarsal bones)

55
Q

flat bones

A

thin, relatively broad, (parietal bones, scapulae)

56
Q

irregular bones

A

have complex shapes that do not fit easily into any other category (vertebrae/ spinal column)

57
Q

diaphysis

A

surrounds the central marrow cavity, which contains bone marrow
formed by compact bone

58
Q

done marrow

A

a loose connective tissue

59
Q

epiphyses

A

expanded portions at each end
- articulates with an adjacent bone at a joint
filled by spongy bone

60
Q

compact bone

A

relatively solid

61
Q

spongy bone

A

resembles a network of bony rods or struts created by the spaces

62
Q

peritoseum

A

covers the outer surface of the bone

63
Q

endosteum

A

lines the marrow cavity and other inner surfaces

64
Q

endochondrial ossification process

A
  1. chondrocytes at the enter of the growing model enlarge then die as the matrix calcifies
  2. newly derived osteobloasts cover the shaft of the cartilage in a thin layer of bone
  3. blood vessels penetrate the cartilage. new osteoblasts from a primary ossification center
  4. the bone of the shaft thickens, and the cartilage near each epiphysis is replaced by shafts of bone
  5. blood vessels invade the epiphyses and osteoblasts form secondary centers of ossification
65
Q

epiphyseal cartliage

A

continue to enlarge, increasing the length of the developing bone

66
Q

articular cartiliage

A

original cartilage, exposed to the joint cavity

67
Q

difference between axial and appendicular skeleton

A

axial makes up our central axis and consists of skull, vertebrae, rubs, and sternum.
- appendicular consists of limbs and girdles

68
Q

number on bones in newborns/ adults

A

newborns: 305, made up of mainly cartilage, which turns into bone as the person ages
adult: 206 bones

69
Q

what are haversian canals/ what travels trough them?

A

Verious canals in compact bone through which blood vessels, nerve fibers, and lymphatics pass

70
Q

how do bones repair and remodel?

A

osteoclasts break down old bone, so that osteoblasts can replace it. Chondroblast forms new cartilage

71
Q

difference between spongy and compact bone

A

compact bone makes up the firmer outer layer of bone tissue, spongy bone is the softer, more porous inner bone

72
Q

cells that make up bones?

A

osteoblasts, osteoclasts, osteocytes, and osteogenic cells. osteoclast breaks down
osteoblast creates

73
Q

types of joints

A

fibrous (immoveable), cartilaginous (partially moveable), and synovial (freely moveable)

74
Q

ball and socket joint

A

spherical head of bone fits into a socket-like bone ex: shoulder/ hips

75
Q

condyloid joint

A

difference to ball and socket: they are not as spherical, more oval
ex: finger, toes, wrist

76
Q

hinge joint

A

similar to door hinge, allow flexion and extension

ex: ankle, knee

77
Q

saddle joint

A

bone moves or glides in 2 directions, range of motion is similar to condyloid
ex: thumb base

78
Q

gliding joint

A

“plane joint” one bone glides over another, joint capsule limits movement of the joint
ex: wrist, ankle

79
Q

pivot joint

A

rotate or pivot around another bone.

ex: base of skull, enables head to move from one side to the other

80
Q

tendons vs ligaments

A

tendons attach muscles to structures like the eyeball, moves the bone or structure
- ligament is a fibrous connective tissue that attaches bone to bone, holds structures together and keeps them stable

81
Q

fontanels

A

the soft spot on a baby where ossification is not complete

82
Q

foramina

A

an opening/ passageway in the bone

83
Q

what occurs around freely moveable joints

A

layer of hyaline cartilage at the adjourning ends, there is a high degree of mobility and flexibility, place where bones connect. classified as immovable, slighlt moveable, and freely moveable

84
Q

functions of muscular system

A 
movement, Produce movement
Maintain posture and body position
support soft tissues
guard entrance/ exits
maintain body temperature
85
Q

similarities and differences of muscle fibers between people

A

slow twitch- slow to contract, sustain contractions for extended time
fast twitch- ability to rapidly transmit action, fatigue faster but used in powerful bursts of movements

86
Q

origin

A

end of a muscle which is nearer to the midline of the body, more proximal, less movable

87
Q

insertion

A

end of muscle furthest from the dorsal midline, more distal, more movable

88
Q

agonist/ agonist differences

A

work in the opposite direction to complete an action

  • agonist react in response to stimulus and create the movement necessary to complete a task
  • antagonist act against the agonist muscle and help to move the body part back in place after the action is completed.
    ex: biceps and triceps (tricep relaxes while bicep contracts to lift arm)
89
Q

what makes up the myofibrils

A

think and thin myofilaments, give striated appearance

90
Q

what are the interactions between muscles and nerves called?

A

neuromuscular junctions link nervous and muscular systems, receptors in muscles provide the brain with info about body position and movement. brain controls the contraction of skeletal muscle. the nervous system regulates the speed at which food moves through digestive tract

91
Q

motor unit

A

made up of a motor neuron and skeletal muscle fibers innervated by that motor neurons axonal terminals
- number of muscle fibers vary within particular muscle
=smaller muscles contain fewer muscle fibers in each motor unit

92
Q

term tetanus refers to

A

sustained muscle tension due to very frequent stimuli

93
Q

isometric

A

muscle does not change its length
do not involve movement
- ex: plank, side plank

94
Q

isotonic

A

muscles changes its length without increasing tension

- ex: pushups, squats, lunges

95
Q

skeletal muscle

A

skeletal
- very large, multinucleate cells pushed off to the side of the cell, packed with protein
=up to 10 inches long
- muscle cells= muscle fibers
- muscle fibers are incapable of dividing
=stem cells present to partially repair injury
-marked by striations
- under voluntary nervous control

96
Q

smooth

A

smooth muscle

  • found in organs
  • small in size, single nucleus
  • since actin is scattered throughout cell, no striations
  • smooth muscle cells can divide, therefore can regenerate after injury
  • involuntary muscle control
97
Q

cardiac

A

cardiac muscle

  • found only in the heart
  • striated
  • typically smaller, can be branched, usually one nucleus
  • INTERCONNECTED THROUGH INTERCALATED DISCS
  • no stem cells, limited and incomplete rapirs
  • do not rely on nervous system- but pacemakers cells
  • involuntary control

Anatomy (17 decks)

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