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anatomy > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 ways the nervous system can be classified?

A
  1. CNS (central nervous system)
  2. PNS (peripheral nervous system)
  3. Somatic nervous system
  4. Autonomic nervous system
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2
Q

What organs can be found in the 4 nervous system classifications?

A
  1. CNS: brain and spinal cord
  2. PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
  3. Somatic: Conscious control over organs
  4. Autonomic: Unconscious control over organs
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3
Q

At the cellular level, what are the 2 main type of cells in the nervous system? What are their function?

A

Neurons: Functional cells –> Dont divide

Neuroglial cells: Cells that support/helps the neurons

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4
Q

Describe the three anatomical structures of a neuron and the function of each part.

A
  1. Dendrites: Receives nerve impulses
  2. Cell body: Computes/process nerve impulse
  3. Axon: Sends out the nerve signal rapidly
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5
Q

Describe the direction of the nerve impulses.

A

Direction of nerve impulses is downward

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6
Q

Based on shape, what are the 3 types of neurons?

A
  1. multipolar
  2. bipolar
  3. unipolar
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7
Q

Describe the 3 neuron shapes

A

multipolar: has many dendrites and an axon

bipolar: has one dendrite and an axon

unipolar: has an axon, but no dendrites

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8
Q

What are the main 3 types of neurons and what is their shape?

A
  1. sensory (afferent): unipolar shape
  2. motor (efferent): multipolar
  3. interneuron/association
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9
Q

What does the sensory/afferent neuron do?

A

Delivers sensory info to the central nervous system

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10
Q

What does the motor/efferent neuron do?

A

Take motor commands outside of the central nervous system

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11
Q

What does the interneuron/association do?

A

Acts as the middle-man b/w the sensory and motor neuron

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12
Q

What makes up gray matter?

A

dendrites and cell body

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13
Q

What makes up white matter?

A

Myelinated axon

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14
Q

What are the anatomical terms used to describe white and grey matter in the PNS?

A

Ganglia (grey matter)

Nerves (white matter)

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15
Q

What are the anatomical terms used to describe white and grey matter in the CNS?

A

Brain
- Cortex and nuclei (gray)
- tracts (white matter)

Spinal Cord
- Horns (grey matter)
- fibers or tracts (white matter)

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16
Q

Which one is far worse if it gets damaged, white matter or grey matter?

A

White matter

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17
Q

Does nerve and neuron mean the same thing?

A

No

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18
Q

What does neuron refer to?

A

singular cell

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19
Q

What does nerve refer to?

A

bundle of myelinated axons

20
Q

What are the 3 main types of tracts in the CNS?

A
  • commissural tract
  • association tract
  • projection tract
21
Q

What is commisural tract? provide an example

A

Connects right and left cerebrum

example: corpus callosum

22
Q

What is the association tract? provide an example

A

Connects neighboring areas together on the same side

Example: accurate tract

23
Q

What is the projection tract? provide an example

A

Connects to the PNS.
Example: pyramids

24
Q

Where can the association tract only be found?

A

Only on the left side of brain

25
Q

What are the 4 glial cells found in the CNS?

A
  1. Astrocytes
  2. Oligodendrocytes
  3. Microglia cells
  4. Ependymal cells
26
Q

What are astrocytes?

A

Cells that act as a barrier and supports nutrition

27
Q

What are oligodendrocytes?

A

Cells that wrap and insulate the axon; makes the myelin sheath

28
Q

What are microglial cells?

A

White blood cells that help with neuron defense

29
Q

What are ependymal cells?

A

Cells that help with fluid production

30
Q

What are the 2 types of glial cells found in the PNS?

A
  1. Satellite cells
  2. Schwann cells
31
Q

What are satellite cells?

A

Cells that protect the cell body and neurons

32
Q

What are schwann cells?

A

Cells that also make the myelin sheath

33
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Protective layer over the axon

34
Q

What makes the myelin sheath in CNS and PNS?

A

CNS: Oligodendrocytes

PNS: Schwann cells

35
Q

Demyelination of oligodendrocytes leads to what?

A

Leads to multiple sclerosis

36
Q

Damage to schwann cells leads to what?

A

Guillain barre syndrome

37
Q

What are the two main structures of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

A
  1. continuous capillaries
  2. astrocytes (glial cells)
38
Q

What kind of molecules (size and polarity) can cross the BBB? Provide an example

A

Small and nonpolar molecules can cross the BBB

example: Alcohol

39
Q

What are the three layers of meninges?

A
  1. Dura Matter: Superficial layer
  2. Arachnoid Matter: b/w other 2 layers; has fine spider-web like
  3. Pia Matter: Intimate layer
40
Q

Where is CSF produced in the central nervous system?

A

Fluid is made in the arteries

41
Q

How many ventricles does the brain contain?

A

Has 4 ventricles
- In this, there are 2 lateral ventricles

42
Q

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

A

Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

43
Q

Describe the CSF chemical composition (2)

A
  • water
  • electrolytes
44
Q

What are the cells that make the CSF? (2)

A
  • ependymal cells that lines the ventricles
  • Choroid plexus in the ventricles
45
Q

Where does the CSF circulate?

A

Circulates around the superior sagittal sinus

46
Q

Where/how is the CSF drained and returned to the blood?

A

Via the arachnoid granulation

47
Q

What’s hydrocephalus? What cause it?

A
  • It’s the buildup of CSF.
  • What causes it is that CSF is either produced too much or it cannot be reabsorbed properly

anatomy (11 decks)

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