Nervous System

Question 1

What are the 4 ways the nervous system can be classified?

Answer 1

1. CNS (central nervous system)
2. PNS (peripheral nervous system)
3. Somatic nervous system
4. Autonomic nervous system

Question 2

What organs can be found in the 4 nervous system classifications?

Answer 2

1. CNS: brain and spinal cord
2. PNS: cranial nerves and spinal nerves
3. Somatic: Conscious control over organs
4. Autonomic: Unconscious control over organs

Question 3

At the cellular level, what are the 2 main type of cells in the nervous system? What are their function?

Answer 3

Neurons: Functional cells –> Dont divide

Neuroglial cells: Cells that support/helps the neurons

Question 4

Describe the three anatomical structures of a neuron and the function of each part.

Answer 4

1. Dendrites: Receives nerve impulses
2. Cell body: Computes/process nerve impulse
3. Axon: Sends out the nerve signal rapidly

Question 5

Describe the direction of the nerve impulses.

Answer 5

Direction of nerve impulses is downward

Question 6

Based on shape, what are the 3 types of neurons?

Answer 6

1. multipolar
2. bipolar
3. unipolar

Question 7

Describe the 3 neuron shapes

Answer 7

multipolar: has many dendrites and an axon

bipolar: has one dendrite and an axon

unipolar: has an axon, but no dendrites

Question 8

What are the main 3 types of neurons and what is their shape?

Answer 8

1. sensory (afferent): unipolar shape
2. motor (efferent): multipolar
3. interneuron/association

Question 9

What does the sensory/afferent neuron do?

Answer 9

Delivers sensory info to the central nervous system

Question 10

What does the motor/efferent neuron do?

Answer 10

Take motor commands outside of the central nervous system

Question 11

What does the interneuron/association do?

Answer 11

Acts as the middle-man b/w the sensory and motor neuron

Question 12

What makes up gray matter?

Answer 12

dendrites and cell body

Question 13

What makes up white matter?

Answer 13

Myelinated axon

Question 14

What are the anatomical terms used to describe white and grey matter in the PNS?

Answer 14

Ganglia (grey matter)

Nerves (white matter)

Question 15

What are the anatomical terms used to describe white and grey matter in the CNS?

Answer 15

Brain
- Cortex and nuclei (gray)
- tracts (white matter)

Spinal Cord
- Horns (grey matter)
- fibers or tracts (white matter)

Question 16

Which one is far worse if it gets damaged, white matter or grey matter?

Answer 16

White matter

Question 17

Does nerve and neuron mean the same thing?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

What does neuron refer to?

Answer 18

singular cell

Question 19

What does nerve refer to?

Answer 19

bundle of myelinated axons

Question 20

What are the 3 main types of tracts in the CNS?

Answer 20

• commissural tract
• association tract
• projection tract

Question 21

What is commisural tract? provide an example

Answer 21

Connects right and left cerebrum

example: corpus callosum

Question 22

What is the association tract? provide an example

Answer 22

Connects neighboring areas together on the same side

Example: accurate tract

Question 23

What is the projection tract? provide an example

Answer 23

Connects to the PNS.
Example: pyramids

Question 24

Where can the association tract only be found?

Answer 24

Only on the left side of brain

Question 25

What are the 4 glial cells found in the CNS?

Answer 25

1. Astrocytes 2. Oligodendrocytes 3. Microglia cells 4. Ependymal cells

Question 26

What are astrocytes?

Answer 26

Cells that act as a barrier and supports nutrition

Question 27

What are oligodendrocytes?

Answer 27

Cells that wrap and insulate the axon; makes the myelin sheath

Question 28

What are microglial cells?

Answer 28

White blood cells that help with neuron defense

Question 29

What are ependymal cells?

Answer 29

Cells that help with fluid production

Question 30

What are the 2 types of glial cells found in the PNS?

Answer 30

1. Satellite cells 2. Schwann cells

Question 31

What are satellite cells?

Answer 31

Cells that protect the cell body and neurons

Question 32

What are schwann cells?

Answer 32

Cells that also make the myelin sheath

Question 33

What is the myelin sheath?

Answer 33

Protective layer over the axon

Question 34

What makes the myelin sheath in CNS and PNS?

Answer 34

CNS: Oligodendrocytes PNS: Schwann cells

Question 35

Demyelination of oligodendrocytes leads to what?

Answer 35

Leads to multiple sclerosis

Question 36

Damage to schwann cells leads to what?

Answer 36

Guillain barre syndrome

Question 37

What are the two main structures of the Blood Brain Barrier (BBB)?

Answer 37

1. continuous capillaries 2. astrocytes (glial cells)

Question 38

What kind of molecules (size and polarity) can cross the BBB? Provide an example

Answer 38

Small and nonpolar molecules can cross the BBB example: Alcohol

Question 39

What are the three layers of meninges?

Answer 39

1. Dura Matter: Superficial layer 2. Arachnoid Matter: b/w other 2 layers; has fine spider-web like 3. Pia Matter: Intimate layer

Question 40

Where is CSF produced in the central nervous system?

Answer 40

Fluid is made in the arteries

Question 41

How many ventricles does the brain contain?

Answer 41

Has 4 ventricles - In this, there are 2 lateral ventricles

Question 42

What does the cerebral aqueduct do?

Answer 42

Connects the 3rd and 4th ventricle

Question 43

Describe the CSF chemical composition (2)

Answer 43

- water - electrolytes

Question 44

What are the cells that make the CSF? (2)

Answer 44

- ependymal cells that lines the ventricles - Choroid plexus in the ventricles

Question 45

Where does the CSF circulate?

Answer 45

Circulates around the superior sagittal sinus

Question 46

Where/how is the CSF drained and returned to the blood?

Answer 46

Via the arachnoid granulation

Question 47

What's hydrocephalus? What cause it?

Answer 47

- It's the buildup of CSF. - What causes it is that CSF is either produced too much or it cannot be reabsorbed properly