Cardiovascular System: Heart Flashcards
What are the 3 layers of the heart wall?
Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium
Where are pectinate muscles found?
Atrium chambers
Where are papillary muscles and chordae tendineae found?
Ventricle chambers
What are the receiving chambers?
atrium chambers
What are the distributing chambers?
ventricle chambers
Where is the heart located in the thoracic cavity?
Mediastinum
Where is the apex?
Pointed towards the left hip
Where is the base?
Right shoulder
Where is most of the heart tissue?
located on the left of the thoracic cavity
What is epicardium?
Visceral layer of the serous pericardium
What is the myocardium?
Cardiac muscle tissue
What is the endocardium?
Endothelium, simple squamous epithelium
What consists of the serous pericardium covering? (2)
- parietal pericardium
- visceral pericardium
How do myocardiocytes communicate and share signals?
Thru intercalated discs
What is cardiac skeleton?
Cardiac skeletons is skeleton composed of dense connective tissue
Describe cardiac skeleton major functions (4)
- Isolate atrial muscles from ventricular muscles, which blocks direct spread of electrical impulses
- Anchors valve cusps
- Prevents overdilation of valve openings
- Main point of insertion for cardiac muscle
Describe the “double pump” of the circuits
Pulmonary circuit ->
1. Deoxygenated blood enters the right atrium
2. Blood leaves the right atrium to the right ventricle thru the tricuspid valve
3. Blood leaves right ventricle to the pulmonary artery thru the pulmonary valve. Blood goes to the lungs.
4. Gas exchanges happens in the lungs in the pulmonary capillaries
Systemic Circuit
5. Blood leaves lungs and go to the left atrium. Blood leaves left atrium and goes to left ventricle via mitral valve
6. Blood leaves left ventricle and goes to aorta via the aortic valve. Aorta pumps blood throughout the body
Describe the intrinsic conduction system of the heart (5 structures and their locations)
- Sinoatrial (SA) Node: generates impulses; wall of right atrium
- Atrioventricular (AV) Node: Impulses pause here for 0.1 seconds
- Atrioventricular (AV) Bundle of His: Connects atria to the ventricles; interventricular system
- Bundle Branches: Conduct impulses thru the interventricular septum
- Purkinje Fibers: Stimulates contractile cells of both ventricles
Describe the autonomic innervations to heart and their effects on the heart rate
Parasympathetic nerves -> Innervates the SA node, AV node, and coronary arteries; decreases heart rate
Sympathetic Nerves -> Innervates the SA and AV node, and cardiac musculature (myocardium); increases heart rate and strength of contraction
What are the blood vessels that supply blood to the heart?
Coronary arteries
What anatomical structure is related to a heart murmur?
Heart valves
What anatomical structure is related to a heart attack/myocardial infarction?
Blocked coronary arteries
What anatomical structure is related to a heart block?
structure of the conducting system
What anatomical structure is related to an aneurism?
Vaso Vasorum
How many valves are in the heart?
4 valves
What does the auricles cover?
Covers the atrial chambers of the heart
What does the myocardium consist of?
Myocardiocytes (heart muscle cells) that’s connected by intercalated discs (gap junctions)
What are the atrioventricular valves?
Valves b/w the atria and ventricles; also called the Parachute valve
What are the 2 types of the atrioventricular valves?
Right AV valve - tricuspid valve
Left AV valve - Bicuspid (mitral) valve
What does the parachute valve prevent?
Prevents the backflow of blood to the atria
What are the semilunar valves?
Valves b/w the ventricles and great arteries
What does the semilunar valves prevent?
Prevents back flow of blood to the ventricles
What are the 2 semilunar valves?
- aortic semilunar valve
- pulmonary semilunar valve
What is the function of the aortic semilunar valve?
Prevents backflow of the left ventricle
What is the function of the pulmonary semilunar valve?
Prevents backflow of the right ventricle
What is prolapse?
Leaky heart valve
What is ischemia?
Reduced blood flow/supply
What is hypoxia?
Reduced oxygen flow/supply
