Digestive System

Question 1

What is the serous membrane of the abdominal cavity?

Answer 1

Peritoneum

Question 2

What are the 2 parts of the peritoneum?

Answer 2

• Visceral Peritoneum –> Surrounds digestive organs
• Parietal Peritoneum –> Lines the body wall

Question 3

Give example of peritoneal organs and retroperitoneal organs

Answer 3

Peritoneal Organs: Stomach, intestine

Retroperitoneal Organs: Kidneys, Aorta, Inferior vena cava

Question 4

What is the name of the peritoneal membrane attached to the small intestine?

Answer 4

mesentery

Question 5

What is the name of the peritoneal membrane attached to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

Answer 5

lesser omentum

Question 6

What is the name of the peritoneal membrane attached to the greater curvature of the stomach?

Answer 6

greater omentum

Question 7

What is the name of the peritoneal membrane attached to the transverse colon?

Answer 7

transverse mesocolon

Question 8

What is the name of the peritoneal membrane attached to the sigmoid colon?

Answer 8

sigmoid mesocolon

Question 9

List the 4 layers of the wall of the alimentary canal and function of each layer

Answer 9

1. Mucosa: Innermost layer
2. Submucosa: External to mucosa; contains blood/lymphatic vessels, nerve fibers
3. Muscularis Externa: External to the submucosa
4. Serosa: Outermost layer

Question 10

List the 4 layers of the wall of the alimentary canal and describe the tissue type

Answer 10

1. Mucosa: epithelium layer
2. Submucosa: connective tissue
3. Muscularis Externa: Circular layer - deep ; longitudinal layer - superficial
4. Serosa: visceral peritoneum

Question 11

What does the term “digestion” mean?

Answer 11

Breakdown of macromolecules to their building blocks that’s water soluble

Question 12

What are the 2 mechanisms by which digestion takes place?

Answer 12

1. Mechanical breakdown –> Chewing/churning food in stomach
2. Chemical Digestion –> Chemical reactions that involve enzymes to breakdown food

Question 13

What are the sphincters/valves that control the movement of food between the esophagus and stomach?

Answer 13

cardiac sphincter

Question 14

What are the sphincters/valves that control the movement of food between the stomach and small intestine?

Answer 14

pyloric sphincter

Question 15

What are the sphincters/valves that control the movement of food between the small intestine and large intestine?

Answer 15

Ileocecal valve

Question 16

What are the sphincters/valves that control the movement of food between the rectum and outside of the body?

Answer 16

Internal/external anal sphincter

Question 17

What are the 3 types of gastric glands and what are their functions?

Answer 17

1. Mucous Neck cells –> Secretes spinal mucus
2. Parietal cells –> Secretes hydrochloric acid (HCl) and gastric intrinsic factor
3. Chief cells –> Secretes pepsinogen

Question 18

What are the 3 functions of the digestive system?

Answer 18

1. Digestion
2. Absorption
3. Defecation

Question 19

What is the function of digesiton?

Answer 19

Breakdown of macromolecules to their building blocks that’s water soluble

Question 20

What is the function of absorption?

Answer 20

Transport of digested nutrients to blood

Question 21

What is the function of defecation?

Answer 21

Elimination of indigestible substances as feces

Question 22

Pain in the alimentary canal but there’s no bleeding. Where is the injury?

Answer 22

Injury to the mucosa

Question 23

Pain in the alimentary canal and there’s bleeding. Where is the injury?

Answer 23

Injury to the submucosa

Question 24

What is peristalsis?

Answer 24

Contraction and relaxation of the alimentary canal (longitudinal layer)

Question 25

What is segmentation?

Answer 25

Rhythmic local contractions of the intestine in the circular layer

Question 26

What are the 3 functions of the large intestine?

Answer 26

1. Absorb water and electrolytes 2. Eliminate waste and undigested material 3. Mass peristaltic movements forces feces towards the rectum

Question 27

What does micro flora do?

Answer 27

Host beneficial bacteria

Question 28

What consists of the pharynx? What is the membrane lining?

Answer 28

Oropharynx and laryngopharynx stratified squamous epithelium

Question 29

What consists of the esophagus? What is the membrane lining?

Answer 29

Cardiac sphincter that joins the esophagus/diaphragm and stomach - Mucosa is stratified squamous epithelium

Question 30

What is the membrane lining of the stomach? What does it do/secrete?

Answer 30

Membrane lining is simple columnar epithelium Site of where food is churned into chyme; secretes pepsin for protein digestion

Question 31

What consists of the small intestine? What does it do/secrete?

Answer 31

Consists of: duodenum, jejunum, and ileum Site of most enzymatic digestion and absorption; the duodenum is where pancreatic lipase and bile digest fat to make it water soluble Membrane lining: simple columnar epithelium

Question 32

What consists of the large intestine? (8) What is the membrane lining?

Answer 32

- Cecum, appendix, ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, and anal canal Membrane lining: simple columnar epithelial tissue

Question 33

What consists of the rectum? What is the membrane lining? (2)

Answer 33

Internal and external anal sphincter Mucosa of Rectum: stratified squamous epithelium Internal Anal Sphincter: Smooth muscle External Anal Sphincter: Skeletal muscle

Question 34

What are gastric glands?

Answer 34

Glands deep to the gastric pit

Question 35

What are the 4 regions of the stomach?

Answer 35

- cardial part - fundus - body - pyloric part

Question 36

What are the 3 muscle layers in the stomach?

Answer 36

- circular layer - longitudinal layer - oblique layer

Question 37

What 3 things help with absorption of the small intestine?

Answer 37

1. circular folds 2. villi 3. microvilli

Question 38

What are 2 disorders of the digestive system?

Answer 38

1. gastric ulcers --> peptic ulcer in the pyloric region of the stomach 2. duodenal ulcers --> caused by the Helicobacter pylori in the duodenum

Question 39

What are circular folds?

Answer 39

transverse ridges of mucosa and submucosa

Question 40

What is villi?

Answer 40

Fingerlike projections of mucosa

Question 41

What does microvilli do?

Answer 41

Increases surface area for absorption