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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Chemical signal that allows nerve cells to communicate with each other

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2
Q

Sensory Input

A

Information gathered by sensory receptors.
Monitors internal and external changes.

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3
Q

Integration

A

Processing and interpretation of sensory input.

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4
Q

Motor Output

A

Activation of effector organs (muscles and glands).
Produces a response.

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5
Q

What is the CNS composed of? name the two functions

A

Composed of the brain and spinal cord located in the dorsal body cavity.

-Functions as the integration and control center.
-Interprets sensory input and dictates motor output.

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6
Q

Components of Peripheral Nervous System (2)

A

Spinal Nerves: Connected to and from the spinal cord.

Cranial Nerves: Connected to and from the brain.

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7
Q

Neurons

A

excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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8
Q

Neuroglia (glial cells)

A

small cells that surround and wrap delicate neurons (helpers of neurons)

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9
Q

Afferent Nerves

A

carry signals from sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord

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10
Q

Efferent Nerve

A

nerves that carry information away from the central nervous system, to the peripheral nervous system. ( motor output)

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11
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

regulates involuntary physiologic processes including heart rate, blood pressure, respiration, digestion, and sexual arousal. Part of PNS.

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12
Q

What is the autonomic nervous system divided into?

A

the sympathetic division and the parasympathetic division

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13
Q

Sympathetic System

A

is best known for its role in responding to dangerous or stressful situations.

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14
Q

Adrenaline

A

kills your sense of pain and ups blood pressure

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15
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

responsible for the body’s rest and digestion response when the body is relaxed, resting, or feeding.

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16
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

consists of nerves that go to the skin and muscles and is involved in conscious activities.

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17
Q

Dendrites

A

the receiving or input portions of a neuron

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18
Q

axon hillock

A

connects soma to axon

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19
Q

Axon Terminals

A

Distal endings of axon

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20
Q

Terminal Boutons

A

found at the end of the axon, below the myelin sheath, and are responsible for sending the signal on to other neurons.

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21
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Composed of myelin, a whitish, protein-lipid substance

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22
Q

Function of Myelin *2

A

Protect and electrically insulate axon
Increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

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23
Q

Myelinated Fibers Characteristics

A

Long and Fast

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24
Q

Non Myelinated Characteristics

A

Short and slow

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25
Q

Anterograde

A

movement away from cell body

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26
Q

Retrograde

A

movement toward cell body

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27
Q

Astrocytes (7)

A

-Support and brace neurons
-Play role in exchanges between capillaries and neurons
-Guide migration of young neurons
-Control chemical environment around neurons
-Respond to nerve impulses and neurotransmitters
I6.nfluence neuronal functioning
7. Participate in information processing in brain

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28
Q

Microglial Cells

A
  • actually macrophage
  • crawls along nervous system and eats bad stuff
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29
Q

Ependymal cells

A
  • Produce CSF (cerbrospinal fluid)
  • Form permeable barrier between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in cavities and tissue fluid bathing CNS cell
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30
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

forms insulating myelin sheaths around CNS fibers

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31
Q

Schwann Cells

A

form myelin sheaths around ONLY one axon in PNS

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32
Q

Resting Membrane Potential

A

the electrical potential difference across the plasma membrane when the cell is in a non-excited state

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33
Q

What is the charge of the inside of a cell?

A

between -70 and -90 milivolts

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34
Q

Sodium Potassium Pump

A

In each cycle, three sodium ions exit the cell, while two potassium ions enter the cell. This allows the cell to build a concentration gradient and have a negative charge.

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35
Q

Depolarization

A
  • decrease in membrane potential (moves toward zero and above)
  • sodium channels are opened and sodium rushes inside the channel (charge becomes more positive)
  • Inside of membrane becomes less negative than resting membrane potential
    –Probability of producing impulse increases
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36
Q

Hyperpolarization

A

-Increase in membrane potential (away from zero)
- Inside of membrane becomes more negative than resting membrane potential
- Probability of producing impulse decreases

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37
Q

Thereshold

A

set charge that starts an action potential. depolarization occurs after.

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38
Q

Action Potential

A

signal that travels along cell membrane

39
Q

If a graph bumps up, then it is?

A

hypopolarized (depolarized)

40
Q

If a graph bumps down, what is it

A

hyperpolarization

41
Q

Refractory Period

A

Wait for the sodium potassium concentration to become normal to do it again (through sodium potassium pumps)

42
Q

Can you adjust number or size of action potentials?

A

Number of action potentials ; all action potentials are the same

43
Q

Propagation

A

The movement of signals between neurons.

44
Q

Axon diameter relation to nerves

A

Bigger nerves/ diameter are faster

45
Q

Repolarization

A

potassium channels open and potassium rushes outside of the cell (dropping charge)

46
Q

FAST

A
  • stroke symptom acronym
  • fac1al droop, arm weakness, speech difficulty, and time
47
Q

What are strokes usually caused by?

A

blockage of cerebral arteries

48
Q

tPA

A

-tissue plasminogen activator
-clot-dissolving medicine

49
Q

Acetylcholine

A
  • nerves use to talk to muscles
  • released ay NMS
  • generic
50
Q

Seratonin

A

happiness

51
Q

Dopamine

A
  • excitement
52
Q

GABA

A
  • almost always inhibitory
  • says stop don’t do it
53
Q

Spatial Summation

A

two separate signals hit at the same time

54
Q

Temporal Summation

A

a lot of signals come at the same time

55
Q

Cephalization

A
56
Q

Gray Matter

A

short, nonmyelinated neurons, and cell bodies outside of brain and inside of spinal cord

57
Q

White Matter

A

Myelinated and nonmyelinated axons

58
Q

Hydrocephalus

A

too much fluid in the brain

59
Q

Gyri

A

ridges

60
Q

Sulci

A

shallow grooves

61
Q

What do gyri and sulci do?

A

Increases brain area

62
Q

Fissures

A

deep grooves that separate lobes

63
Q

Rhombencephalon

A

Developmental part of the brain responsible for keeping you alive. Includes pons, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata.

64
Q

Cerebral hemisphere

A

Upper level thinking, decision making, and conscious thought

65
Q

Precentral Gyrus

A
  • primary motor gyrus
  • Responsible for the initiation and control of voluntary motor movements on the contralateral side of the body.
66
Q

Postcentral Gyrus

A

primary sensory gyrus

67
Q

Broca’s area

A

motor speech area, in frontal lobe

68
Q

Frontal lobe

A

executive decision making, personality, and movement

69
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory
- sense of taste, smell, and hearing
- emotion

70
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

receiving and processing sensory input such as touch, pressure, heat, cold, and pain
- some spatial awareness

  • starts out in postcentral gyrus
71
Q

Autonomic Nervous System innervation and pathway

A

Innervate smooth muscles, cardiac muscle, and glands
- has Efferent pathways and ganglia

72
Q

Wernicke’s Area

A

processes language

73
Q

Cerebellum

A

coordinates movement and balance

74
Q

Corpus callosum

A

a thick bundle of nerve fibers that connects the two cerebral hemispheres, allowing them to communicate

75
Q

What is the most inferior cranial nerve?

A

12

76
Q

Oh once one takes the anatomy final, very good vacations are heavenly

A

Olfactory
Optic
Oculumotor
Trochlear
Trigeminal
Abducens
Facial
Vestibulocochlear
Glossopharyngeal
Vagus
Accessory
Hypoglossal

77
Q

Olfactory Nerve

A

controls sense of smell
- sensory nerve
- like an extension of brain so loss of smell can indicate alzheimers

78
Q

Optic Nerve

A

sight and sensory

79
Q

Optic Chiasma

A

sensory nerve - this is where your left and right vision share

80
Q

Oculomotor Nerve

A
  • most of eye movement
  • constrict irises, move eyeball
  • motor nerve
81
Q

Trochlear Nerve

A
  • motor nerve
  • moves eye (superior oblique)
82
Q

Abducens nerve

A
  • moves lateral rectus
  • motor
83
Q

Trigeminal Nerve

A
  • motor and sensory nerve
  • facial feeling
84
Q

What are the three divisions of the trigeminal nerve?

A
  • Opthalmic
  • Maxillary
    -Mandibular
85
Q

Facial Nerves

A
  • controls facial muscles
  • motor and sensory
86
Q

Vestibulocochlear

A
  • balance and hearing nerve
  • feeling of acceleration or spinning
  • Sensory nerve
87
Q

Glossopharyngeal

A
  • motor nerve and sensory nerve
  • innervates part of the tongue so helps with swallowing and technically taste
88
Q

Vagus nerve

A
  • regulates heart
  • one cranial nerve that leaves head and neck
  • sensory and motor
89
Q

Accessory Nerve

A
  • motor nerve
  • shoulder and neck
90
Q

Calcium

A

chemical that triggers neurotransmitter’s exocytosis

91
Q

Longitidunal Fissure

A

Separates two hemispheres

92
Q

Transverse Cerebral Fissure

A

Separates cerebrum and cerebellum

93
Q

Central sulcus

A

the groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes

Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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