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Anatomy and Physiology > Cell Organelles > Flashcards

Cell Organelles Flashcards

1
Q

Cells

A

smallest units of life ; over 250 ; cells are very diverse

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2
Q

What are the 3 basic parts of cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Cytoplasm
Nucleus

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3
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

flexible outer boundary

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4
Q

Cytoplasm

A

intracellular fluid containing organelles

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5
Q

Nucleus

A

DNA controlling control center

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6
Q

Extracellular Materials

A

Substances found outside your cell

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7
Q

Interstitial fluid

A

cells are submersed (bathed) in this fluid

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8
Q

Blood plasma

A

fluid of blood

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9
Q

Cerebrospinal Fluid

A

fluid surrounding nervous system organs

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10
Q

Cellular Secretions

A

saliva and mucus ; external elimination of substances produced by the cell

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11
Q

Extracellular matrix

A

substance that acts as glue to hold cells together

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

All cellular material that is located between the plasma membrane and the nucleus

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13
Q

Cytosol

A

gel-like solution made up of water and soluble molecules such as proteins, salts, sugars, etc.

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14
Q

Cytoplasmic Organelles

A

These are divided into membranous (eukaryotes) and non membranous (prokaryotes)

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15
Q

Mitochondria

A

Called the “power plant” of cells because they produce most of cell’s energy molecules (ATP) via aerobic (oxygen-requiring) cellular respiration

  • fact: mitochondria has its own DNA , all of mitochondrial DNA comes from your mom
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16
Q

Double Membranes

A

Mitochondria is enclosed by double membranes;

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17
Q

Cristae

A

The inner membrane of mitochondria has many folds, called cristae

Cristae are embedded with membrane proteins that play a role in cellular respiration

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18
Q

Ribosomes

A
  • nonmembranous (no membrane around them)
  • sites of protein synthesis
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19
Q

Membrane Bound Ribosomes

A

attached to membrane of endoplasmic reticulum (ER); site of synthesis of proteins to be incorporated into membranes or lysosomes, or exported from cell

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20
Q

Free Floating Ribosomes

A

free floating; site of synthesis of soluble proteins that function in cytosol or other organelles

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21
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A
  • folds of membrane outside the nucleus
  • take MRNA that comes out of nucleus and feed it to ribosomes to produce proteins
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22
Q

Rough ER

A

External surface appears rough because it is studded with attached ribosome

Site of synthesis of proteins that will be secreted from cell

Site of synthesis of many plasma membrane proteins and phospholipids

Final protein is enclosed in vesicle and sent to Golgi apparatus for further processing

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23
Q

Smooth ER

A
  • Network of looped tubules continuous with rough ER
  • Enzymes found inside function to:
  • Lipid metabolism; cholesterol and steroid-based hormone synthesis; making lipids for lipoproteins

-Absorption, synthesis, and transport of fats

-Detoxification of certain chemicals (drugs, pesticides, etc.)

-Converting of glycogen to free glucose

-Storage and release of calcium

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24
Q

Sacroplasmic Reticulum

A

specialized smooth ER found in skeletal and cardiac muscle cells

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25
Golgi Apparatus
- continuation of ER -Modifies, concentrates, and packages proteins and lipids received from rough ER
26
Three Steps in Golgi Apparatus
- Transport vesicles from ER fuse with cis (inner) face of Golgi -Proteins or lipids taken inside are further modified, tagged, sorted, and packaged - Golgi is “traffic director,” controlling which of three pathways final products will take as new transport vesicles pinch off trans (outer) face
27
Perixisomes (special vacuole)
Membranous sacs containing powerful detoxifying substances that neutralize toxins - good at getting rid of hydrogen peroxide
28
Free radicals
toxic, highly reactive molecules that are natural by-products of cellular metabolism; can cause havoc to cell if not detoxified - charged active particles
29
Oxidase and Catalase
oxidase uses oxygen to convert toxins to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), which is itself toxic; however, peroxisome also contains catalase, which converts H2O2 to harmless water
30
Lysosomes
- Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes (acid hydrolases) -Considered “safe” sites because they isolate potentially harmful intracellular digestion from rest of cell -kept in inactivated state - can break down organelles and ingest bacteria
31
Autolysis
Intracellular release in injured causes cells to digest themselves
32
Cytoskeleton
33
Three Types of Proteins
Microfilaments Intermediate filaments Microtubules
34
Microfilaments
-Thinnest of all cytoskeletal elements -Semi-flexible strands of protein actin -Strengthens cell surface and helps to resist compression - Some are involved in cell motility, changes in cell shape, or endocytosis and exocytosis
35
Microtubules
-Largest of cytoskeletal elements - help keep organelles in place and move them around
36
Motor Proteins
Many substances are moved throughout cell by motor proteins, which use microtubules as tracks
36
Intermediate Filaments
anchor nucleus and other organelles
37
Centrosome
- located near nucleus - It is a microtubule organizing center, consisting of a granular matrix and centrioles
38
Centrioles
a pair of barrel-shaped microtubular organelles that lie at right angles to each other - Centrioles form the basis of cilia and flagella
39
Cilia
- whiplike, motile extensions on surfaces of certain cells (such as respiratory cells) - Thousands of cilia work together in sweeping motion to move substances (example: mucus) across cell surfaces in one direction
40
Flagella
longer extensions that propel the whole cell (example: tail of sperm)
41
What are flagella and cilia made of?
Both structures are made up of microtubules synthesized by centrioles that are called basal bodies because they form the base of each cilium and flagellum
42
What is the cell membrane made out of?
phospholipids
43
what is the lipid bilayer made up of? (3)
75 percent phospholipids, 5 percent glycolipids, and 20 percent cholestrol
44
Function of Cholesterol in cell membrane?
increases membrane stability
45
Fluid Mosaic Model
Specialized membrane proteins float through the fluid membrane and constantly change shape as they like to diffuse across membrane (side to side movement)
46
Glycocalyx
Surface sugars form glycocalyx (determines blood type)
47
Cell Junctions
Membrane structures help to hold cells together through cell junctions
48
What are the two types of protein?
Integral and Peripheral proteins
49
Integral Proteins (location)
- goes through membrane - have both hydrophobic and hydrophillic regions that allow it to stick - function as transport proteins
50
Peripheral proteins
- all the way to the inside and not outside (not in middle of membrane) - Include filaments on intracellular surface used for plasma membrane support - function as enzymes and motor proteins
51
Transport Proteins
proteins that pump substances through the membrane (energy comes from ATP)
52
Receptor Proteins
Hormones activate specific receptors to cause reactions
53
Enzyme Proteins
enzymes can be attached to membrane to do things
54
cell to cell recognition
some glycoproteins serve as cell identification for other cells
55
cell to cell junctions
water tight junctions allow plasma to not leak out of skin
56
Three Types of Junctions
- Tight Junctions - Desmosomes - Gap Junctions
57
Tight Junction
water tight ; prevent acids and urine from leaking
58
Desmosomes
mediate cell-cell contact and strong adhesion.
59
Gap Junctions
- communication junctions that have holes to pass ions - in heart so muscle cells know how to pump together
60
Diffusion
Diffusion is the net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration. - usually doesn't take energy input
61
three types of passive transport
- simple diffusion - facilitated diffusion - osmosis diffusion
62
facilitated diffusion
the diffusion of solutes through transport proteins in the plasma membrane (goes through date like structures)
63
osmosis
water diffusion
64
active transport
requires energy in the form of ATP
65

Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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