Bonesies Flashcards
7 important functions of the skeletal system
- Support
- Protection
- Levers for Movement
- Mineral Growth and growth factor storage
- Blood cell formation
- Triglyceride storage
- Hormone production
Osteocalcnin
secreted by bones helps to regulate insulin secretion, glucose levels, and metabolism
What do you store in your bones?
fat, calcium, and phosphate
Hematopoiesis
blood making occurs in red marrow cavities of certain bones ; makes both red and white
Axial Skeleton
- Long axis of body
- spine, ribs, vertebral columm, thoracic cage
Appendicular Skeleton
Bones of upper and lower limbs
Girdles attaching limbs to axial skeleton
Long bones
Longer than they are wide ; limb bones
Short bones
Cube shaped bones (in wrist and and ankel
Flat Bones
Thin, flat, slightly curved (they have two parallel sides)
- sternum, ribs, scapula, most of skull
Irregular Bones
- does not fit into any other categories
- hip bones and vertebrae
Sesmoid
Floating bones
- knee caps
Sutural Bones
- formed due to additional ossification
- hidden bones 123.
Epiphysis
Ends of long bone
Diaphysis
shaft of long bone
Compact Bone
bone without air pockets ; hard
Spongy/ Tribuculated Bone
lighter and less dense than compact bone. Spongy bone consists of plates (trabeculae)
Periosteum
a dense layer of vascular connective tissue enveloping the bones except at the surfaces of the joints.
Interoseus
in the bone
Osteon
Osteons are cylindrical vascular tunnels formed by an osteoclast-rich tissue.
Central (Haversian) canal
runs through core of osteon
Lacunae
small cavities that contain osteocytes
Perforating (Volkmann’s) canals
- canals lined with endosteum that occur at right angles to central canal
- Connect blood vessels and nerves of periosteum, medullary cavity, and central canal
Canaliculi
hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and to central canal
Interstitial Lamellae
Some fill gaps between forming osteons; others are remnants of osteons cut by bone remodeling
Circumferential Lamellae
Help long bone to resist twisting
Osteoblasts
make bones
Osteoclasts
break bones to release calcium
Facet
depression where another bone can sit ; not that deep
Fossa
deeper indented surface in a bone
Groove / Sulcus
- A furrow in the bone surface that runs along the length of a vessel or nerve
Foreamen
Hole in a bone through which a structure such as a blood vessel passes
Canal/Meatus
Small passageways through bones
Fissure
Elongated passageways ; like slits between bones
Condyle
rounded knobs that form articulations with other bones
Crest
A raised or prominent part of the edge of a bone
Epicondyle
small projection on condyle that is a site of muscle attachment
Head
Rounded end of bone that fits into fossa to form a joint
Protuberance
- Grows out the side
Trochanter
Bony projections
Tubercle/Tuberosity
Lumps to attach muscles
Open Fracture (Compound)
fracture that causes the communication of the fracture and bone with the outside environment. There might be a hole in the skin.
Closed Fracture (Simple)
a fracture that remains enclosed by the overlying skin, safer from infections
Compression Fracture
Occurs when one or more bones in the spine weaken and crumpl
Stress Fracture
Stress fractures are tiny cracks in a bone. They’re caused by repetitive force, often from overuse
Avulsion Fracture
occurs when a small chunk of bone attached to a tendon or ligament gets pulled away from the main part of the bone.
Greenstick Fracture
one side is broken and other in intact , these often occur in young children
Transverse Fracture
fractured in half (90 degree ; it came perpendicular to bone)
Comminuted Fracture
a fracture that has three or more fragments
Impacted Fracture
a break where the ends are driven into each other
Nondisplaced Fracture
The ends retain the normal position
Displaced Fracture
The ends are out of normal alignment
Why do bones have harder to treat infections?
The compact bone does not have blood flow so antibiotics cannot reach them. This is why open fractures require surgery because of risk of infection.
Oblique Fracture
fracture at a slight angle
Spiral Fracture
from twisting motion
Epiphyseal
The epiphysis separates from the diaphysis along the epiphyseal plate.
Longitudinal Fracture
fractures that occur along (or nearly along) the axis of the bone.
Pathologic Fracture
e when force or impact didn’t cause the break to happen
Reduction Treatment
realignment of broken bone ends
Closed reduction
Physician manipulates to correct position
Open reduction
surgical pins or wires secure ends
Immobilization of Bones
Cast or traction is needed for healing
Scoliosis
sideways curvature of the spine
Ligament
connective tissue to hold together bone to bone
Tendons
holds muscle to bone
How much of your body mass does the skeleton account for?
20 percent
