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Anatomy and Physiology > Macromolecules > Flashcards

Macromolecules Flashcards

1
Q

Monomer

A

a monomer is a molecule with low molecular weight that can combine with others of the same kind to form a chemical compound known as a polymer.

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2
Q

Polymer

A

polymers are formed from multiple monomers connected together.

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3
Q

Dehydration synthesis

A

the creation of larger molecules from smaller monomers where a water molecule is released.

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4
Q

Hydrolysis Reaction

A

In a hydrolysis reaction, a larger molecule forms two (or more) smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant.
-involves adding water to one large molecule to break it into multiple smaller molecules

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5
Q

Carbohydrates

A
  • sugar and starches
  • C, H, O
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6
Q

Monosacharrides

A

Simple sugars containing three to seven carbon atoms

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7
Q

Disaccharides

A

Double sugars

  • Formed by dehydration synthesis of two monosaccharides

Too large to pass through cell membranes

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8
Q

Polysaccharides

A

Polymers of monosaccharides

Formed by dehydration synthesis of many monomers

Not very soluble

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9
Q

Formula of Monosaccharides

A

(CH2O)n: general formula

n = number of carbon atoms

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10
Q

Example of Monosaccharides

A

Pentose sugars

-Ribose and deoxyribose

Hexose sugars

-Glucose (blood sugar)

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11
Q

Example of Disaccharides

A

Sucrose, maltose, lactose

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12
Q

Lipids

A
  • Contain C, H, O, but less in carbohydrates, and sometimes contain P
  • Insoluble in water
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13
Q

Triglycerides

A

polymer of lipid

Called fat when solid oils when liquid

Made of saturated fatty acids (saturated in H atoms)

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14
Q

What are triglycerides made of?

A

Composed of three fatty acids (linear hydrocarbons) bonded to a glycerol molecule (sugar alcohol) by dehydration synthesis

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15
Q

Function of Triglycerides

A
  • Energy storage
  • Insulation
  • Protection
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16
Q

Saturated fatty acids

A

What Triglycerides are made of

A saturated fat is a type of fat in which the fatty acid chains have all single covalent bonds.

It is saturated with H atoms.

These create linear molecules which can pack closely together forming a solid at room temperature (Example: animal fats, butter)

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17
Q

Unsaturated fatty acids

A

Unsaturated fatty acid carbon chains contain one or more double bonds with a terminal carboxylic group (–COOH)

have less h atoms

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18
Q

Example of unsaturated fats

A

Trans fats – modified unsaturated fatty oils that resemble structure of saturated fats that are considered unhealthy

Omega-3 fatty acids – “heart healthy”

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19
Q

Phospholipids

A

Modified triglycerides

Important in cell membrane structure

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20
Q

What are phospholipids made of?

A

Glycerol and two fatty acids plus a phosphorus-containing group

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21
Q

Phospholipids structure

A

“Head” and “tail” regions have different properties

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22
Q

Head

A

Head is polar *charged and hydrophilic (attracted to water)

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23
Q

Tails

A

Tails are nonpolar and hydrophobic (repelled by water)

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24
Q

Steroid

A

Consist of four interlocking ring structures

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25
Q

What is the function of steroids?

A

Starting material for synthesis of vitamin D, steroid hormones, and bile salts

Important in cell plasma membrane structure

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26
Q

Steroids Example

A

Most important steroid is cholesterol

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27
Q

Steriods are made by

A

Made by liver and also found in animal products (ex: cheese, eggs, meat)

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28
Q

Eicosanoids

A

Derived from a fatty acid (arachidonic acid) found in cell membranes

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29
Q

Eicosanoids role

A

Play a role in blood clotting, control of blood pressure, inflammation, and labor
contractions

Inflammatory actions are blocked by NSAIDs (Ex: aspirin or ibuprofen)

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30
Q

Proteins functions

A

Have most varied functions of any molecules

Structural - collagen
chemical (enzymes)
contraction (muscles)- actin and myosin
Transport proteins

Can act as either an acid or base

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31
Q

Peptide bonds

A

Polymers of amino acid monomers held together by peptide bonds

32
Q

Proteins

A
  • Contain C, H, O, N, and sometimes S and P
    -Comprise 20–30% of cell mass
    -
33
Q

What are proteins made from?

A

All proteins are made from 20 types of amino acids

Contain both an amine group and acid group

34
Q

How do proteins differ?

A

Differ by which of 20 different “R groups” is present

35
Q

What determines the shape and function of protein

A

Four levels of protein structure determine shape and function

36
Q

What are four levels?

A

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary

37
Q

Primary

A

linear sequence of amino acids (order)

38
Q

Secondary

A

how primary amino acids interact with each other

39
Q

Types of Secondary Structure

A

Alpha (α) helix coils resemble a spring

Beta (β) pleated sheets resemble accordion ribbons

40
Q

Tertiary

A

how secondary structures interact

41
Q

Quaternary

A

how 2 or more different polypeptides interact with each other

42
Q

Shapes of Proteins

A

Fibrous or Globular

43
Q

Fibrous

A
  • Strandlike, water-insoluble, and stable
  • most have tertiary or quaternary structure
44
Q

What do fibrous proteins do?

A

Provide mechanical support and tensile strength

45
Q

Examples of fibrous proteins

A

keratin, elastin, collagen (single most abundant protein in body),
and certain contractile fibers

46
Q

Globular

A

Compact, spherical, water-soluble, and sensitive to environmental changes
-Tertiary or quaternary structure (3-D)

47
Q

What are active sites in globular proteins?

A

Specific functional regions (active sites)

48
Q

Examples of globular proteins?

A

antibodies, hormones, molecular chaperones, and enzymes

49
Q

Denaturation

A

globular proteins unfold and lose their functional 3-D shape

Fibrous are more stable

50
Q

Why do proteins denature?

A

Can be caused by decreased pH (increased acidity) or increased temperature

Usually reversible if normal conditions restored

Irreversible if changes are extreme

51
Q

Enzyme

A

globular proteins that act as biological catalysts

52
Q

Catalysts

A

regulate and increase speed of chemical reactions without getting used
up in the process

53
Q

Enzyme Function

A

Lower the energy needed to initiate a chemical reaction

54
Q

Three Steps of Enzyme Process

A

1.Substrate binds to enzyme’s active site, temporarily forming
enzyme-substrate complex

2.Complex undergoes rearrangement of substrate, resulting in final product

  1. Product is released from enzyme
55
Q

Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleic acids, composed of C, H, O, N, and P, are the largest molecules in the body

56
Q

Monomer of Nucleic Acid

A

Nucleotides

57
Q

What are nucleic acids made of?

A

Composed of nitrogen base, a pentose sugar, and a pHospHate group

58
Q

Two major classes of nucleic acids

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

59
Q

DNA

A

holds the genetic blueprint for the synthesis of all proteins

60
Q

Shape and Location of DNA

A

Double-stranded helical molecule (double helix) located in cell nucleus

61
Q

Four Nitrogen Bases

A

Purines and Pyrimidines

62
Q

Purines

A

adenine (A), guanine (G)

63
Q

Pyrimidines

A

cytosine (C) and thymine (T)

64
Q

Complementary Base Pairing Rules

A

A always pairs with T

G always pairs with C

65
Q

RNA

A

a single-stranded molecule which has a shorter chain of nucleotides and functions outside the nucleus
- links DNA to protein synthesis

66
Q

RNA Components

A

ribose sugars attached to nitrogenous bases and phosphate groups.

67
Q

Uracil

A

This replaces Thymine in RNA

A always pairs with U

G always pairs with C

68
Q

What are three varieties of RNA for protein synthesis?

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA), transfer RNA (tRNA), and ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

69
Q

ATP

A

Adenine-containing RNA nucleotide with two additional phosphate groups

70
Q

ATP Function

A

Offers immediate, usable energy needed by body cells

71
Q

How is energy released in ATP?

A

Chemical energy released when glucose is broken down is captured in ATP (adenosine
triphosphate)

72
Q

How does ATP help other molecules (related to work and energy)

A

Terminal phosphate group of ATP can be transferred to other compounds that can use energy stored in phosphate bond to do work

73
Q

Loss of one phosphate results in

A

ATP to ADP

74
Q

Loss of second phosphate results in

A

ADP to AMP

75
Q

Order of Energy *highest to lowest

Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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