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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine System > Flashcards

Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

Amino Acids and Peptide derivatives Characteristics

A

water soluble, protein based, easy to get around body

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2
Q

Lipid Characteristics

A

-Bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma
-Longer circulation than peptide hormones

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3
Q

Examples of Lipid Hormones

A

Androgens, Estrogens and progesterone, Corticosteroids, Calcitriol

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4
Q

Anterior Pituitary Hormones (7)

A

ACTH , TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH

all the girls play funny love movies

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5
Q

Posterior Lobe Hormones (2)

A

Releases ADH, OXT

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6
Q

Thyroid Gland (2 hormones)

A

makes calcitonin and thyroid hormone, regulates energy

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7
Q

Parathyroid Glands (2 function and 1 hormone)

A

-makes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- controls calcium metabolism,
- responsible for action potentials

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8
Q

Thymus

A

produces thymosin which regulates immune system

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9
Q

Adrenal Glands

A
  • Salt, Sugar, Sex
  • Produces aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, epinephrine
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10
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces insulin and glucagon

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11
Q

Gonads

A

makes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone

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12
Q

Adipose Tissue

A

Leptin & Ghrelin

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13
Q

Kidneys

A

Erythropoietin (EPO) & Renin

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14
Q

ADH (Posterior Pituitary Hormone)

  • Target
  • Action
A

Target: collecting duct of kidney
Action: Retains water (Prevents peeing) to control blood pressure

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15
Q

Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)

A
  • happens when there is too much ADH
  • Symptoms:
    High blood pressure
    can’t get rid of waste
    kidney failure
    strokes
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16
Q

Diabetes Insipidus

A

Too little ADH causes this. Symptoms include:

low blood pressure
Fainting
thirst
a lot of peeing
hyponatremia (low sodium - spasms and seizures because resting potential is higher/closer to resting potential)

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17
Q

Oxytocin (Posterior Pituitary Hormone)

A

Target: smooth muscle
Action: Smooth muscle contraction (labor), milk let down, neurotransmitters associated with attachment, intimacy, infatuation)

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18
Q

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones )

A
  • made by TRH from hypothalamus
  • Target: Thyroid gland
    Action: makes thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
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19
Q

Thyroid Hormones (made in Thyroid Gland)(Action)

A

Target: All cells
Action: Affect all cells’ metabolism, increase energy production and use

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20
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

Symptoms: nervous, lose weight, constantly hot, jittery, trouble sleeping, too much energy

treatment can involve taking out a bit of thyroid

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21
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

Symptoms: sleepy. Tired, cold, gain weight

Causes can involve lack of iodine

Treatment: give synthetic thyroid hormone

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22
Q

Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
(Anterior Pituitary)

A
  • comes from CRH
    Target: Adrenal gland
    Action: makes aldosterone
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23
Q

What does too much ACTH do?

A

High BP and hypernatremia (high sodium) due to too many mineralocorticoids

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24
Q

What does too less ACTH do

A

Adrenal insufficiency leads to weight loss, lack of appetite (anorexia), weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure (hypotension).

  • Hyponatremia because of peeing out all salt
  • addison’s disease
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25
Q

Prolactin (PRL) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones)

A

Two types -
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) & Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)

Target: breast tissue
Action: Increases milk production

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26
Q

Growth Hormone (Anterior Pituitary Hormone)

A

Target: muscles and bones
Action: Bone and muscle growth & lengthening

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27
Q

Gigantism

A
  • happens in children and makes them very tall
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28
Q

Acromegaly

A
  • too much growth hormone in adults
  • broader and more muscular but not taller
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29
Q

Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
(Anterior Pituitary Hormones)

A
  • released by GnRH

Targets: Gonads
Action: make estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

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30
Q

Estrogen

A

Cause egg follicle maturation, leads to secondary female characteristic
- fat distribution

  • produced in ovaries
31
Q

Progesterone

A

stabilizes uterus lining, necessary for pregnancy
- breast tissue
- produced by ovaries

32
Q

Androgen and Testoterone

A
  • stimulated by FSH and LH in males
33
Q

Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland Hormone)

A

Target: Bones (osteoclasts & osteoblasts)
Action: put extra calcium in bone and stop it’s break done
Works opposite of parathyroid hormone

34
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (comes from Parathyroid Gland)

A

Target: skeleton and kidney
Action: Release calcium from bone and tell kidney to retain calcium

35
Q

What does too much parathyroid cause

A

osteopenia and osteoporosis - lower bone density

36
Q

What does too little parathyroid cause

A

Hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) - messes with action potentials, causes seizures, messes with exocytosis

37
Q

Where are the mineralcorticoids, glucocoritocids, and etc?

A

adrenal cortex

38
Q

Mineralocorticoids

A

produces aldosterone which regulates salt and blood pressure

  • the aldosterone is then released by the adrencorticopic hormone in anterior pituitary
39
Q

What does too much aldosterone do?

A

high blood pressure & hypernatremia - high sodium

40
Q

What does too little aldosterone do?

A

Adison’s Disease & hyponatremia - pee out all the salt

41
Q

Glucocortiocids are?

A

Cortisol (hydrocortisone) - stress hormone
Release extra glucose (body needs the extra energy from sugar)

42
Q

Cushing Syndrome

A
  • caused by too many glucocorticoids

-Depressed cartilage and bone formation
Suppressed immune system
Inhibition of inflammation
Disruption of neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function.

43
Q

Addison’s Disease

A

Addison’s Disease results from a deficit in both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
Symptoms:
Weight loss
Severe dehydration
Hypotension
Bronze skin

44
Q

Gonadocorticoids (Adrenal Sex Hormones)

A

Weak androgens (male sex hormones) are converted to testosterone in tissue cells, with some converted to estrogens.

45
Q

Gonadocorticoid Function in Females

A

Increased muscle mass, energy, and aggression.
Enhanced libido.
Source of estrogens in postmenopausal women.

  • excess can cause masculinization
46
Q

Adrenal Medulla:

A

Releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.

47
Q

Function of adrenaline and norepinephrine

A

Increase heart rate and blood sugar levels.

Divert blood flow to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.

Induce vasoconstriction.

Response to sympathetic stimulus, often referred to as the fight or flight response.

48
Q

Too much stimulation of Adrenal Medulla causes?

A

Symptoms similar to hyperthyroidism:
Hyperglycemia
Increased metabolic rate
Rapid heartbeat
Palpitations
Hypertension
Intense nervousness
Sweating

49
Q

Pancrease (Location and Function)

A

Location: Behind the stomach.
Functions:
Produces insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to each other.
Acts as both an endocrine and exocrine organ due pancreatic islets and acinar cells

50
Q

Acinar Cells

A

(exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion in pancreas

51
Q

Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)

A

contain Alpha and Beta cells
(endocrine cells)

52
Q

Alpha Cells

A

produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)

53
Q

Beta Cells

A

produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)

54
Q

Glucagon

A

Target: Liver

Action:
Releases sugar into the blood.
Stimulates gluconeogenesis, producing glucose by breaking down glycogen.
Triggered by decreased blood glucose levels.

55
Q

Insulin

A

Target: Various cells in the body, especially adipocytes and muscle cells.
Action:
Puts sugar into cells, thus reducing blood glucose levels.
Inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose.
Secreted when blood glucose levels increase.

56
Q

What happens when there is excess insulin

A

Causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels.
Symptoms may include anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, and even death.
Treatment involves sugar ingestion.
- causes hyperinsulism

57
Q

What happens when there is too little insulin

A

Type 1 Diabetes or Type 2 which causes Scar tissue formation in organs and Strain on the kidneys.

58
Q

Diabetes Mellitus 1

A

Hyposecretion (little secretion) of insulin due to the immune system attacking Beta cells that produce insulin.

59
Q

Diabetets Mellitus 2

A

Hypoactivity of insulin (too much secretion) due to the pancreas becoming tired of producing excessive insulin.
- insulin resistance so pancreas produces more insulin

60
Q

What are the three signs of diabetes

A
  1. Polyuria
  2. Polydispia
  3. Polyphagia
61
Q

Polyuria

A

Excessive urine output due to glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic.

62
Q

Polydispia

A

Excessive thirst resulting from water loss due to polyuria.

63
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive hunger and food consumption because cells cannot take up glucose and are “starving.”

64
Q

Consequences of Too little estrogen

A

infertility

65
Q

consequences of too much estrogen

A

Infertility and lack of female characteristics.

66
Q

What does too little progesterone cause

A

Infertility due to an unstable uterus lining.

67
Q

Leptin (adipose tissue hormone)

A

Functions:
Appetite control.
Stimulates increased energy expenditure.
Detects fat and sugar to signal the body is full.

68
Q

Ghrelin (Adipose Tissue Hormone)

A

Signals the brain that the body is hungry.

69
Q

Erythroproteins (Kidneys)

A

Increases the production of red blood cells.
Target: Bone marrow.

70
Q

What do too little erythroproteins cause

A

Aplastic Anemia: Not making red blood cells because the kidneys have issues.

71
Q

Renin (kidneys)

A
  • Initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) mechanism which regulates bp

-Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.

72
Q
A
73
Q
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74
Q
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Anatomy and Physiology (25 decks)

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