Endocrine System Flashcards
Amino Acids and Peptide derivatives Characteristics
water soluble, protein based, easy to get around body
Lipid Characteristics
-Bound to specific transport proteins in the plasma
-Longer circulation than peptide hormones
Examples of Lipid Hormones
Androgens, Estrogens and progesterone, Corticosteroids, Calcitriol
Anterior Pituitary Hormones (7)
ACTH , TSH, GH, PRL, FSH, LH, MSH
all the girls play funny love movies
Posterior Lobe Hormones (2)
Releases ADH, OXT
Thyroid Gland (2 hormones)
makes calcitonin and thyroid hormone, regulates energy
Parathyroid Glands (2 function and 1 hormone)
-makes parathyroid hormone (PTH)
- controls calcium metabolism,
- responsible for action potentials
Thymus
produces thymosin which regulates immune system
Adrenal Glands
- Salt, Sugar, Sex
- Produces aldosterone, cortisol, cortisone, epinephrine
Pancreas
Produces insulin and glucagon
Gonads
makes testosterone, estrogen, progesterone
Adipose Tissue
Leptin & Ghrelin
Kidneys
Erythropoietin (EPO) & Renin
ADH (Posterior Pituitary Hormone)
- Target
- Action
Target: collecting duct of kidney
Action: Retains water (Prevents peeing) to control blood pressure
Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH (SIADH)
- happens when there is too much ADH
- Symptoms:
High blood pressure
can’t get rid of waste
kidney failure
strokes
Diabetes Insipidus
Too little ADH causes this. Symptoms include:
low blood pressure
Fainting
thirst
a lot of peeing
hyponatremia (low sodium - spasms and seizures because resting potential is higher/closer to resting potential)
Oxytocin (Posterior Pituitary Hormone)
Target: smooth muscle
Action: Smooth muscle contraction (labor), milk let down, neurotransmitters associated with attachment, intimacy, infatuation)
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones )
- made by TRH from hypothalamus
- Target: Thyroid gland
Action: makes thyroid hormone (T3 & T4)
Thyroid Hormones (made in Thyroid Gland)(Action)
Target: All cells
Action: Affect all cells’ metabolism, increase energy production and use
Hyperthyroidism
Symptoms: nervous, lose weight, constantly hot, jittery, trouble sleeping, too much energy
treatment can involve taking out a bit of thyroid
Hypothyroidism
Symptoms: sleepy. Tired, cold, gain weight
Causes can involve lack of iodine
Treatment: give synthetic thyroid hormone
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone (ACTH)
(Anterior Pituitary)
- comes from CRH
Target: Adrenal gland
Action: makes aldosterone
What does too much ACTH do?
High BP and hypernatremia (high sodium) due to too many mineralocorticoids
What does too less ACTH do
Adrenal insufficiency leads to weight loss, lack of appetite (anorexia), weakness, nausea, vomiting, and low blood pressure (hypotension).
- Hyponatremia because of peeing out all salt
- addison’s disease
Prolactin (PRL) (Anterior Pituitary Hormones)
Two types -
Prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH) & Prolactin-releasing hormone (PRH)
Target: breast tissue
Action: Increases milk production
Growth Hormone (Anterior Pituitary Hormone)
Target: muscles and bones
Action: Bone and muscle growth & lengthening
Gigantism
- happens in children and makes them very tall
Acromegaly
- too much growth hormone in adults
- broader and more muscular but not taller
Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
(Anterior Pituitary Hormones)
- released by GnRH
Targets: Gonads
Action: make estrogen, progesterone, testosterone
Estrogen
Cause egg follicle maturation, leads to secondary female characteristic
- fat distribution
- produced in ovaries
Progesterone
stabilizes uterus lining, necessary for pregnancy
- breast tissue
- produced by ovaries
Androgen and Testoterone
- stimulated by FSH and LH in males
Calcitonin (Thyroid Gland Hormone)
Target: Bones (osteoclasts & osteoblasts)
Action: put extra calcium in bone and stop it’s break done
Works opposite of parathyroid hormone
Parathyroid Hormone (comes from Parathyroid Gland)
Target: skeleton and kidney
Action: Release calcium from bone and tell kidney to retain calcium
What does too much parathyroid cause
osteopenia and osteoporosis - lower bone density
What does too little parathyroid cause
Hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels) - messes with action potentials, causes seizures, messes with exocytosis
Where are the mineralcorticoids, glucocoritocids, and etc?
adrenal cortex
Mineralocorticoids
produces aldosterone which regulates salt and blood pressure
- the aldosterone is then released by the adrencorticopic hormone in anterior pituitary
What does too much aldosterone do?
high blood pressure & hypernatremia - high sodium
What does too little aldosterone do?
Adison’s Disease & hyponatremia - pee out all the salt
Glucocortiocids are?
Cortisol (hydrocortisone) - stress hormone
Release extra glucose (body needs the extra energy from sugar)
Cushing Syndrome
- caused by too many glucocorticoids
-Depressed cartilage and bone formation
Suppressed immune system
Inhibition of inflammation
Disruption of neural, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal function.
Addison’s Disease
Addison’s Disease results from a deficit in both mineralocorticoids and glucocorticoids.
Symptoms:
Weight loss
Severe dehydration
Hypotension
Bronze skin
Gonadocorticoids (Adrenal Sex Hormones)
Weak androgens (male sex hormones) are converted to testosterone in tissue cells, with some converted to estrogens.
Gonadocorticoid Function in Females
Increased muscle mass, energy, and aggression.
Enhanced libido.
Source of estrogens in postmenopausal women.
- excess can cause masculinization
Adrenal Medulla:
Releases adrenaline (epinephrine) and norepinephrine into the bloodstream.
Function of adrenaline and norepinephrine
Increase heart rate and blood sugar levels.
Divert blood flow to the brain, heart, and skeletal muscles.
Induce vasoconstriction.
Response to sympathetic stimulus, often referred to as the fight or flight response.
Too much stimulation of Adrenal Medulla causes?
Symptoms similar to hyperthyroidism:
Hyperglycemia
Increased metabolic rate
Rapid heartbeat
Palpitations
Hypertension
Intense nervousness
Sweating
Pancrease (Location and Function)
Location: Behind the stomach.
Functions:
Produces insulin and glucagon, which work in opposition to each other.
Acts as both an endocrine and exocrine organ due pancreatic islets and acinar cells
Acinar Cells
(exocrine) produce enzyme-rich juice for digestion in pancreas
Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans)
contain Alpha and Beta cells
(endocrine cells)
Alpha Cells
produce glucagon (hyperglycemic hormone)
Beta Cells
produce insulin (hypoglycemic hormone)
Glucagon
Target: Liver
Action:
Releases sugar into the blood.
Stimulates gluconeogenesis, producing glucose by breaking down glycogen.
Triggered by decreased blood glucose levels.
Insulin
Target: Various cells in the body, especially adipocytes and muscle cells.
Action:
Puts sugar into cells, thus reducing blood glucose levels.
Inhibits the conversion of amino acids or fats to glucose.
Secreted when blood glucose levels increase.
What happens when there is excess insulin
Causes hypoglycemia: low blood glucose levels.
Symptoms may include anxiety, nervousness, disorientation, unconsciousness, and even death.
Treatment involves sugar ingestion.
- causes hyperinsulism
What happens when there is too little insulin
Type 1 Diabetes or Type 2 which causes Scar tissue formation in organs and Strain on the kidneys.
Diabetes Mellitus 1
Hyposecretion (little secretion) of insulin due to the immune system attacking Beta cells that produce insulin.
Diabetets Mellitus 2
Hypoactivity of insulin (too much secretion) due to the pancreas becoming tired of producing excessive insulin.
- insulin resistance so pancreas produces more insulin
What are the three signs of diabetes
- Polyuria
- Polydispia
- Polyphagia
Polyuria
Excessive urine output due to glucose acting as an osmotic diuretic.
Polydispia
Excessive thirst resulting from water loss due to polyuria.
Polyphagia
Excessive hunger and food consumption because cells cannot take up glucose and are “starving.”
Consequences of Too little estrogen
infertility
consequences of too much estrogen
Infertility and lack of female characteristics.
What does too little progesterone cause
Infertility due to an unstable uterus lining.
Leptin (adipose tissue hormone)
Functions:
Appetite control.
Stimulates increased energy expenditure.
Detects fat and sugar to signal the body is full.
Ghrelin (Adipose Tissue Hormone)
Signals the brain that the body is hungry.
Erythroproteins (Kidneys)
Increases the production of red blood cells.
Target: Bone marrow.
What do too little erythroproteins cause
Aplastic Anemia: Not making red blood cells because the kidneys have issues.
Renin (kidneys)
- Initiates the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) mechanism which regulates bp
-Increases blood pressure through vasoconstriction.
