nerves Flashcards
nerves of the upper limb: describe the origin, course and function of the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves in the upper limb; describe the organisation of the major muscles and muscle groups that these nerves supply and their sensory distribution; explain the consequences of injury to these nerves and explain how to test their functional integrity
what spinal segments do the upper limb and its limb girdle get sensory and motor nerve supplies from
C4-T1
what do spinal segments C3 to C7 give muscle movement supply to
shoulder girdle
what do spinal segments C5 and C6 give muscle movement supply to
shoulder joint and elbow flexors
what do spinal segments C7 and C8 give muscle movement supply to
elbow joint extensors
what do spinal segments C6 to C8 give muscle movement supply to
wrist musles and coarse hand muscles
what do spinal segments C8 and T1 give muscle movement supply to
fingers and thumb (small muscles of hand for fine movements)
what does the axillary nerve supply
winds round neck of humerus to supply C5 and C6 fibres to deltoid (main abductor of shoulder)
when can the axillary nerve be injured, and consequences
shoulder dislocations (travels under shoulder joint) and upper humeral fractures (e.g. surgical neck), resulting in loss of abduction and eventual wasting of deltoid and teres minor, as well as loss of sensory innervation to superolateral shoulder skin (innervated by superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, from axillary nerve)
where does radial nerve wind in arm
winds posterior to humerus in radial groove between attachements of medial and lateral bicep heads
what radial nerve fibres can be damaged by fractures of mid-humeral shaft (runs in radial groove), and what can this lead to
C7-T1 fibres, leading to loss of function of extensor muscles in forearm, causing muscle wastage (if happens high in limb), wrist drop and weakness of power grip (extension of wrist required, so flexor muscles work harder but can’t fully compensate)
where do radial nerve sensory losses by fractures of mid-humeral shaft affect
variable area on posterior surface of thumb and lateral dorsal hand (substantial overlap with other nerves)
what muscles do lateral and medial cords supply
only flexor muscles
what fibres are contained within lateral cord, and hence which muscle compartments is it principally concerned with
C5-C7, so muscles acting on shoulder and elbow
most important branch of lateral cord, and what does it supply
musculocutaneous branch, supplying elbow flexors (biceps brachii and brachialis), with biceps brachii also being the key muscle in supination
when may the musculocutaneous nerve be damaged
during breast cancer surgery for removal of lymph nodes (not trauma as well protected by muscles)
what fibres are contained within medial cord, and hence which muscle compartments is it principally concerned with
C8-T1, so muscles acting in forearm and hand
main branch of medial cord
ulnar nerve
what does the ulnar nerve supply
most intrinsic muscles in hand