nerves Flashcards

nerves of the upper limb: describe the origin, course and function of the axillary, radial, musculocutaneous, median and ulnar nerves in the upper limb; describe the organisation of the major muscles and muscle groups that these nerves supply and their sensory distribution; explain the consequences of injury to these nerves and explain how to test their functional integrity

1
Q

what spinal segments do the upper limb and its limb girdle get sensory and motor nerve supplies from

A

C4-T1

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2
Q

what do spinal segments C3 to C7 give muscle movement supply to

A

shoulder girdle

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3
Q

what do spinal segments C5 and C6 give muscle movement supply to

A

shoulder joint and elbow flexors

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4
Q

what do spinal segments C7 and C8 give muscle movement supply to

A

elbow joint extensors

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5
Q

what do spinal segments C6 to C8 give muscle movement supply to

A

wrist musles and coarse hand muscles

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6
Q

what do spinal segments C8 and T1 give muscle movement supply to

A

fingers and thumb (small muscles of hand for fine movements)

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7
Q

what does the axillary nerve supply

A

winds round neck of humerus to supply C5 and C6 fibres to deltoid (main abductor of shoulder)

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8
Q

when can the axillary nerve be injured, and consequences

A

shoulder dislocations (travels under shoulder joint) and upper humeral fractures (e.g. surgical neck), resulting in loss of abduction and eventual wasting of deltoid and teres minor, as well as loss of sensory innervation to superolateral shoulder skin (innervated by superior lateral cutaneous nerve of arm, from axillary nerve)

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9
Q

where does radial nerve wind in arm

A

winds posterior to humerus in radial groove between attachements of medial and lateral bicep heads

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10
Q

what radial nerve fibres can be damaged by fractures of mid-humeral shaft (runs in radial groove), and what can this lead to

A

C7-T1 fibres, leading to loss of function of extensor muscles in forearm, causing muscle wastage (if happens high in limb), wrist drop and weakness of power grip (extension of wrist required, so flexor muscles work harder but can’t fully compensate)

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11
Q

where do radial nerve sensory losses by fractures of mid-humeral shaft affect

A

variable area on posterior surface of thumb and lateral dorsal hand (substantial overlap with other nerves)

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12
Q

what muscles do lateral and medial cords supply

A

only flexor muscles

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13
Q

what fibres are contained within lateral cord, and hence which muscle compartments is it principally concerned with

A

C5-C7, so muscles acting on shoulder and elbow

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14
Q

most important branch of lateral cord, and what does it supply

A

musculocutaneous branch, supplying elbow flexors (biceps brachii and brachialis), with biceps brachii also being the key muscle in supination

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15
Q

when may the musculocutaneous nerve be damaged

A

during breast cancer surgery for removal of lymph nodes (not trauma as well protected by muscles)

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16
Q

what fibres are contained within medial cord, and hence which muscle compartments is it principally concerned with

A

C8-T1, so muscles acting in forearm and hand

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17
Q

main branch of medial cord

A

ulnar nerve

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18
Q

what does the ulnar nerve supply

A

most intrinsic muscles in hand

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19
Q

what and where is the ulnar nerve most vulnerable to

A

compression, cuts and fractures where is passes posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus at elbow, self harm to wrist

20
Q

consequences of ulnar nerve damage

A

weakness and wasting of many small muscles in hand (less serious than expected as really vital small muscles of hand, controlling fine movements of thumb and index finger, are served by median nerve), as well as loss of sensation to lateral half of ring finger, and little finger

21
Q

why might clawing be seen in ulnar nerve damage, and why is distal damage more severe than proximal damage

A

loss of lumbrical contraction means loss of flexion of metacarpophalangeal joins and weakened extension of interphalangeal joints, causing unopposed activity of long muscles of fingers lying in forearm, also affecting PAD and DAB; more severe if injury at wrist (distal) than at elbow (proximal), as it innervates ulnar half of flexor digitorum profundus, so flexion of interphalangeal joints is weakened, so is less claw-like

22
Q

where is sensory loss in median nerve injuries present

A

along medial part of hand, and medial (usually 1.5) fingers

23
Q

what nerve do lateral and medial cords both contribute to formation of

A

median nerve

24
Q

what fibres does the median nerve acquire from brachial plexus

A

C6-T1

25
Q

what does median nerve supply (motor)

A

most of wrist and finger flexors in forearm, and most small muscles of thumb and index finger

26
Q

what does median nerve supply (sensory)

A

lateral part of palmar hand

27
Q

what sorts of activities does injury or entrapment of median nerve make impossible, and why

A

delicate hand activities e.g. writing, as wasting of lateral lumbricals and thenar eminence (except adductor pollicis, as supplied by ulnar nerve)

28
Q

when does the median nerve often become entrapped

A

as it passes through carpal tunnel (carpal tunnel syndrome)

29
Q

what spinal segment causes flexion of shoulder

A

C5

30
Q

what spinal segments cause extension of shoulder

A

C6,7,8

31
Q

what spinal segments cause flexion of elbow

A

C5,6

32
Q

what spinal segments cause extension of elbow

A

C7,8

33
Q

what spinal segments cause pronation of wrist

A

C7,8

34
Q

what spinal segment causes supination of wrist

A

C6

35
Q

what spinal segments cause flexion/extension of wrist

A

C6,7

36
Q

what spinal segment causes abduction/adduction of digits in hand

A

C7

37
Q

what spinal segments cause flexion/extension of fingers

A

C7,8

38
Q

why isn’t sensory innervation (cutaneous nerve patterns( the same as dermatome innervation

A

nerve fibres supplying dermatomes might come from more than one peripheral nerve, due to recombination in plexus

39
Q

what fibres form the long thoracic nerve

A

roots of C5,6,7

40
Q

what muscle is affected by damage to long thoracic nerve

A

serratus anterior (long thoracic nerve is relatively superficial, so easily damaged)

41
Q

main function of serratus anterior, and hence consequence if long thoracic nerve is damaged

A

holds down surface of scapula, so pressing against a wall will lead to winging of the scapula

42
Q

what is the name of injuries to upper roots

A

Erb-Duchenne Palsy

43
Q

when do injuries to upper roots occur, and what roots are commonly affected

A

stretch neck relative to shoulder, so especially affects C5 and C6 (trauma, childbirth)

44
Q

what is the commmon presentation caused by injuries to upper roots

A

“Waiter’s Tip”, where many muscles in shoulder and arm are affected, with the forearm pronated by lack of biceps supination

45
Q

what is the name of injuries to lower roots

A

Klumpke’s Palsy

46
Q

common cause of injuries to lower roots, and what roots are commonly affected

A

over-abduction due to gripping overhead to break a fall, or at birth,, so overextends T1 (and sometimes C8)

47
Q

what is the common presentation caused by injuries to lower roots

A

loss of activity to small muscles of hand (T1) via ulnar and median nerves results in clawed hand (wrist and finger flexors e.g. flexor carpi ulnaris, ulnar part of flexor digitorum profundus, are damaged, with extensors unopposed)