introduction to the limbs Flashcards
organisation of the limbs: describe the skeletal and regional organisation of the upper and lower limbs, and describe the organisation the neuromuscular compartments of the limbs, and their main innervation, blood supply and functions; describe the basic organisation of the nerve plexuses of the limbs and their importance in understanding the consequences of spinal and peripheral nerve damage
2 components of skeleton
diagram; axial (head neck and trunk; skull, spinal column, thoracic cage) and appendicular (upper and lower limbs)
what are limbs divided into
compartments
3 features of compartments (function, nerve supply, blood supply)
have distinct function, and same nerve and blood supplies
7 compartments of upper limb from top down, and whether flexor, extensor or both
pectoral (chest) girdle muscles (anterior and posterior), intrinsic shoulder muscles, anterior (upper) arm muscles (flexors), posterior (upper) arm muscles (extensors), anterior forearm muscles (flexors), posterior forearm muscles (extensors), intrinsic hand muscles (palmar is anterior, dorsum is posterior)
compartments with relation to skeleton
pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpus, metacarpals, phalanges
examples of anterior and posterior muscles attached to pectoral girdle
pectoralis major anterior; trapezius attached to sacupla for positioning of arm, latissimus dorsi attached to iliac crest and scapula posterior
what 2 movements does the movement of the shoulder involve
movement of arm relative to scapula at shoulder joint, movement of scapular relative to chest wall
where do muscles acting on shoulder joint have attachments in; blood supply of trapezius muscle
neck, anterior chest, back, arm; blood supply from cranial accessory nerve
anterior muscles of pectoral shoulder girdle
trapezius, deltoid, serratus anterior, pectoralis major
posterior muscles of pectoral shoulder girdle
trapezius, lattisimus dorsi, rotator cuff muscles of shoulder
compartments of upper arm in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): top compartment
pectoralis major, triceps, deltoid (attaches to lateral side of humerus), biceps
compartments of upper arm in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): middle compartment
biceps, triceps, bachialis
compartments of upper arm in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): bottom compartment
biceps, triceps, bachialis
10 compartments of lower limb from top down, and whether flexor, extendor, abductor, adductor etc.
hip abductors (gluteal), hip extensors (gluteal), hip flexors, anterior thigh muscles (extensors), medial thigh muscles (adductors), posterior thigh muscles (flexors), anterior leg muscles (extensors/dorsiflexors), lateral leg muscles (foot evertors), posterior leg muscles (flexors/plantarflexors), intrinsic foot muscles (variety of functions)
lower limb bones and anterior compartments
attached to trunk via sacroiliac joint -> femur -> tibia and fibula -> tarsus -> metatarsals and phalanges; anterior thigh, anterior leg, dorsal surface of foot, medial (adductor) compartment of thigh, lateral (peroneal/fibular) compartment of leg
lower limb posterior compartments
gluteal, posterior thigh, posterior leg (superficial and deep), plantar (sole) surface of foot, medial (adductor) compartment of thigh, lateral (peroneal/fibular) compartment of leg
where do muscles and nerves of lower limb arise in
abdominal and pelvic cavities
what function do muscles with attachments in abdomen and pelvis have
flexors of hip; psoas (T12-L4), iliacus (iliac fossa)
what spinal cord level do nerves supplying lower limb arise from
lumbosacral plexus (L2-S3); femoral nerve, sciatic nerve
compartments of upper leg in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): top compartment
adductors, quadriceps
compartments of upper leg in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): middle compartment
quadriceps
compartments of upper leg in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): bottom compartment
hamstrings
compartments of upper leg in cross-section (CT, MRI etc.): just above middle of leg
peroneal compartment, soleus, glastrocnemius; interosseous membrane
arterial supply to upper limb: heart to hand
aorta -> subclavian -> axillary -> brachial (deep brachial) -> ulnar (medial) and radial (lateral) -> hand palmar arches (deep and superficial) -> metacarpal and digital
which 3 arteries can a pulse be felt for in upper limb
brachial, ulnar and radial (assess blood supply to extremities)
diagram of arterial supply to upper limb
diagram
venous drainage of upper limb: hand to heart and whether superficial or deep
dorsal venous arch (superficial) -> cephalic (lateral) and basilic (medial) (both superficial) -> median cubital vein connects both at cubital fossa (in front of elbow; where venipuncture common) -> axillary (deep) -> subclavian -> superior vena cava; venae comitantes (pair of veins, occasionaly more, that closely accompany an artery in such a manner that the pulsations of the artery aid venous return; deep; run more distal from limb)
diagram of venous drainage of upper limb
diagram
arterial supply to lower limb: heart to hand
aorta -> common iliac (internal and external) -> external iliac (small from internal to medial compartment of thigh) -> femoral (external passes under inguinal ligmanent to become deep femoral) -> popliteal (posterior tibial, anterior tibial, peroneal (fibula; -> plantar arteries), dorsalis pedis (anterior)))
which 5 arteries can a pulse be felt for
femoral artery, popliteal (posterior tibial, anterior tibial, dorsalis pedis)
diagram of arterial supply to lower limb
diagram
venous drainage of lower limb: deep system
anterior and posterior venae comitantes, popliteal, femoral, external iliac
venous drainage of lower limb: superficial system
venous arches, long saphenous, short saphenous