knee, leg, ankle and foot

Question 1

5 bones in region

Answer 1

femur, tibia, fibula, patella, bones of foot

Question 2

4 muscle groups in region

Answer 2

anterior compartment of leg, lateral compartment of leg, posterior compartment of leg, foot

Question 3

function of muscles in anterior compartment of leg

Answer 3

ankle dorsiflexors

Question 4

3 ankle dorsiflexor muscles in anterior compartment of leg

Answer 4

tibialis anterior (most superficial, acting across ankle joint attaching on medial side of tarsals), extensor digitorum longus (acting on 4 digits except large toe), extensor hallucis longus (acts on large toe); peroneus tertius also in anterior compartment but not associated with this movement

Question 5

nerve suppy of anterior compartment of leg

Answer 5

deep peroneal nerve

Question 6

artery running within anterior compartment of leg

Answer 6

anterior tibial artery

Question 7

function of muscles in lateral compartment of leg

Answer 7

ankle evertors

Question 8

2 ankle evertors (sole faces laterally) in lateral compartment of leg (can contribute to dorsiflexion)

Answer 8

peroneus longus (strong as cross foot, attaching to opposite side), peroneus brevis (both attached to fibula and tibia; go behind lateral malleolus)

Question 9

nerve supply of lateral compartment of leg

Answer 9

superficial peroneal nerve

Question 10

artery running within lateral compartment of leg

Answer 10

peroneal artery

Question 11

function of muscles in posterior compartment of leg

Answer 11

ankle plantarflexors

Question 12

3 superficial muscles in posterior compartment of leg

Answer 12

gastrocnemius, soleus (both these two called “triceps surae”, as 2 headed gastrocnemius attaching across knee joint; soleus attaches to both tibia and fibula; distal tendon of triceps surae is tendocalcaneus - Achilles - tendon), plantaris

Question 13

4 deep muscles in posterior compartment of leg

Answer 13

popliteus (associated with knee; attaches posteriorly to femur and posterior horn of the lateral meniscus, to posterior upper shaft of tibia), flexor digitorum longus (distal phalanges), flexor hallucis longus (distal phalanges), tibialis posterior (tarsal); tendons go behind median malleolus

Question 14

nerve supply of posterior compartment of leg

Answer 14

tibial nerve

Question 15

artery running within posterior compartment of leg

Answer 15

tibial artery

Question 16

pathway of superficial femoral artery

Answer 16

runs through adductor hiatus in thigh -> winds around to back of knee to become popliteal artery

Question 17

3 divisions of popliteal artery at popliteal trifurcation just distal to knee joint

Answer 17

posterior tibial artery, anterior tibial artery, peroneal artery

Question 18

pathway of posterior tibial artery

Answer 18

popliteal artery -> runs in posterior compartment of leg -> passes behind medial malleolus (similar to styloid process, forming trough)

Question 19

pathway of anterior tibial artery

Answer 19

popliteal arttery -> runs in anterior compartment of leg (pierces interosseus membrane) -> passes over front of ankle -> forms dorsalis pedis artery

Question 20

pathway of peroneal artery

Answer 20

runs in lateral compartment of leg

Question 21

what does dorsalis pedis artery supply

Answer 21

main artery to toes of foot

Question 22

what does posterior tibial artery supply, and via what 2 arteries

Answer 22

sole of foot via medial and lateral plantar arteries

Question 23

superficial venous drainage on dorsum of foot

Answer 23

dorsal venous arch

Question 24

what vein runs superficially from medial aspect of dorsal venous arch

Answer 24

long saphenous vein

Question 25

where does the long saphenous vein lie

Answer 25

lies 2cm above and 2cm to medial malleolus

Question 26

pathway of long saphenous vein

Answer 26

runs up medial aspect of leg -> behind knee -> drains into femoral vein in groin at sapheno-femoral junction

Question 27

what does the long saphenous vein anastasmose with in the leg

Answer 27

short saphenous vein

Question 28

how does the long saphenous vein connect with deep veins of calf

Answer 28

perforating veins, with valves

Question 29

where does the short saphenous vein run from

Answer 29

lateral aspect of dorsal venous arch of foot

Question 30

short saphenous vein pathway

Answer 30

runs posterior to lateral malleolus -> up back of calf -> joins deep venous system in popliteal fossa -> drain into popliteal vein

Question 31

4 veins of deep system

Answer 31

dorsal digital veins, posterior tibial veins, popliteal vein, perforating veins

Question 32

function of perforating veins

Answer 32

blood passes from superficial to deep systems

Question 33

what does the deep system form to pump blood back towards heart

Answer 33

powerful "muscle pump", where muscles of calf pump blood back towards heart

Question 34

what does lymph flow with

Answer 34

superficial and deep venous systems

Question 35

what lymph nodes are present in popliteal fossa

Answer 35

superficial and deep popliteal lymph nodes

Question 36

what spinal segments cause knee extension

Answer 36

L3,4

Question 37

what spinal segments cause knee flexion

Answer 37

L5,S1

Question 38

what spinal segments cause ankle dorsiflexion

Answer 38

L4,5

Question 39

what spinal segments cause ankle plantarflexion

Answer 39

S1,2

Question 40

what spinal segments supply sensory innervation to knee and foot

Answer 40

L3 to knee, L4 to floor

Question 41

what spinal segment supplies sensory innervation to dorsum of great toe

Answer 41

L5

Question 42

what spinal segment supplies sensory innervation to lateral side of foot

Answer 42

S1

Question 43

what spinal segment supplies sensory innervation to sole of foot

Answer 43

S1

Question 44

what nerve gives peripheral motor supply to posterior compartment of thigh, and divides inconstantly (above popliteal fossa)

Answer 44

sciatic nerve "proper"

Question 45

what does the sciatic nerve divide into

Answer 45

tibial nerve, common peroneal nerve

Question 46

what does the tibial nerve give motor supply to

Answer 46

all muscles of posterior compartment of leg

Question 47

what does the tibial nerve divide into after passing behind medial malleolus

Answer 47

medial plantar nerve, lateral plantar nerve

Question 48

what do the plantar nerves give motor supply to

Answer 48

all intrinsic muscles of foot except extensor digitorum brevis

Question 49

where might the common peroneal nerve be easily damaged

Answer 49

as it winds around neck of fibula

Question 50

what does the common peroneal nerve give motor supply to

Answer 50

anterior and lateral compartments of leg

Question 51

what does the common peroneal nerve divide into

Answer 51

deep and superficial peroneal nerves

Question 52

what does the deep peroneal nerve give motor supply to

Answer 52

anterior compartment

Question 53

what does the superficial peroneal nerve give motor supply to

Answer 53

lateral compartment

Question 54

what nerve supplies peripheral sensation of thigh, and what spinal levels

Answer 54

sensory branches of femoral nerve (L2,3,4)

Question 55

what nerve does the femoral nerve give off

Answer 55

saphenous nerve

Question 56

what does the saphenous nerve give peripheral sensation to

Answer 56

strip of skin along inner border of leg and ankle

Question 57

what does the saphenous nerve accompany

Answer 57

long saphenous vein

Question 58

what nerve does the tibial nerve give off in the popliteal fossa

Answer 58

sural nerve (media sural cutaneous from tibial and sural communicating branch from common peroneal merge to form sural nerve): used in nerve repair

Question 59

what does the sural nerve give peripheral sensation to

Answer 59

lateral aspect of leg and foot

Question 60

what does the sural nerve accompany

Answer 60

short saphenous vein

Question 61

what does the superficial peroneal nerve give peripheral sensation to

Answer 61

most of dorsum of foot

Question 62

what does the deep peroneal nerve give peripheral sensation to

Answer 62

patch of skin on dorsum of foot at base of great and second toes

Question 63

what do the medial and lateral plantar nerves give peripheral sensation to

Answer 63

sole of foot

Question 64

tibia and fibula

Answer 64

tibia is larger (more substantial) and medial; interosseous membrane between the 2

Question 65

gait cycle

Answer 65

heel strike -> loading response -> midstance -> terminal stance -> preswing -> initial and midswing -> terminal swing

Question 66

what does femoral nerve supply

Answer 66

knee extensors in anterior compartment of thigh: tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, quadriceps femoris (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, vastus lateralis)