Nephrology Flashcards
What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the UK?
Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)
True or False: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.
True
Fill in the blank: The primary screening test for chronic kidney disease is __________.
serum creatinine
What is the staging system used for chronic kidney disease?
The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging system
Which of the following is NOT a common complication of chronic kidney disease? A) Hypertension B) Anemia C) Hyperthyroidism
C) Hyperthyroidism
What is the target blood pressure for patients with chronic kidney disease in the UK?
Below 140/90 mmHg
True or False: Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the UK.
True
What medication class is commonly used to manage hypertension in CKD patients?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors
What is the primary treatment for end-stage renal disease?
Dialysis or kidney transplantation
Fill in the blank: In nephrotic syndrome, the urine is characterized by high levels of __________.
protein
What is the most common type of kidney stone in adults?
Calcium oxalate stones
True or False: The management of kidney stones often includes increased fluid intake.
True
What is the recommended daily fluid intake to prevent kidney stones?
2-3 liters per day
What imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose kidney stones?
Non-contrast CT scan
Fill in the blank: The condition characterized by the presence of blood in the urine is called __________.
hematuria
What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women?
Nitrofurantoin
Which antibiotic is generally avoided in pregnancy for treating UTIs?
Trimethoprim
True or False: Glomerulonephritis can be caused by autoimmune diseases.
True
What laboratory test is used to assess proteinuria?
Urine dipstick test
Fill in the blank: The GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is a measure of __________.
kidney function
What is the common threshold for GFR to diagnose chronic kidney disease?
Less than 60 mL/min/1.73m²
What dietary modification is often recommended for patients with CKD?
Reduced protein intake
True or False: Patients with CKD should limit their potassium intake.
True
What is the main goal of managing CKD?
To slow the progression of kidney disease
Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ in the urine is a marker for diabetic kidney disease.
albumin
What is the primary symptom of nephrotic syndrome?
Severe edema
True or False: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is a common cause of chronic kidney disease.
True
Which condition is characterized by the destruction of the glomeruli?
Glomerulonephritis
What is the role of a nephrologist?
To specialize in kidney care and treatment
Fill in the blank: The use of __________ is recommended for patients with diabetic nephropathy.
ACE inhibitors
What is the first-line treatment for acute kidney injury due to dehydration?
Rehydration with intravenous fluids
True or False: Polycystic kidney disease is an inherited disorder.
True
What is the primary method of diagnosing polycystic kidney disease?
Ultrasound imaging
Fill in the blank: The primary screening test for renal artery stenosis is __________.
Doppler ultrasound
What is the common cause of post-renal acute kidney injury?
Obstruction of urine flow
True or False: Ureteral stones can lead to acute kidney injury.
True
What is the first-line imaging study for suspected kidney obstruction?
Ultrasound
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.
Cough
What is the recommended maximum sodium intake for CKD patients?
Less than 2g per day
True or False: Anemia in CKD is primarily due to decreased erythropoietin production.
True
What is the treatment for anemia in chronic kidney disease?
Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)
Fill in the blank: The most common cause of kidney failure in the UK is __________.
diabetes mellitus
What is the purpose of renal replacement therapy?
To replace the function of the kidneys
True or False: Renal transplant is a curative treatment for end-stage renal disease.
True
What is the most common immunosuppressive medication used post-kidney transplant?
Tacrolimus
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common sign of kidney dysfunction.
Fatigue
What is the term for the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure?
Uremia
True or False: Kidney stones can be made up of uric acid.
True
What lifestyle change can help prevent the formation of kidney stones?
Increasing fluid intake
Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ in the urine indicates a urinary tract infection.
nitrites
What dietary advice is given to patients with calcium oxalate stones?
Increase calcium intake and limit oxalate-rich foods
True or False: The risk of developing chronic kidney disease increases with age.
True
What is the term for the procedure to remove excess fluid from the body in patients with kidney failure?
Dialysis
Fill in the blank: __________ is a common symptom of urinary tract infections.
Dysuria
What is the primary risk factor for developing diabetic nephropathy?
Poorly controlled diabetes
True or False: All patients with CKD will eventually require dialysis.
False
What is the main goal of dietary management in CKD?
To reduce the workload on the kidneys
Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ in urine can indicate glomerular injury.
red blood cells
What is the significance of a 24-hour urine collection?
To assess kidney function and proteinuria
True or False: Kidney disease can lead to cardiovascular complications.
True
What is the common treatment for hyperphosphatemia in CKD?
Phosphate binders
Fill in the blank: __________ is the main hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.
Renin
