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UKMLA Prep > Nephrology > Flashcards

Nephrology Flashcards

1
Q

What is the most common cause of acute kidney injury (AKI) in the UK?

A

Acute tubular necrosis (ATN)

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2
Q

True or False: Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is characterized by a gradual loss of kidney function over time.

A

True

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3
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary screening test for chronic kidney disease is __________.

A

serum creatinine

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4
Q

What is the staging system used for chronic kidney disease?

A

The Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) staging system

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5
Q

Which of the following is NOT a common complication of chronic kidney disease? A) Hypertension B) Anemia C) Hyperthyroidism

A

C) Hyperthyroidism

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6
Q

What is the target blood pressure for patients with chronic kidney disease in the UK?

A

Below 140/90 mmHg

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7
Q

True or False: Diabetic nephropathy is a leading cause of end-stage renal disease in the UK.

A

True

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8
Q

What medication class is commonly used to manage hypertension in CKD patients?

A

Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors

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9
Q

What is the primary treatment for end-stage renal disease?

A

Dialysis or kidney transplantation

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10
Q

Fill in the blank: In nephrotic syndrome, the urine is characterized by high levels of __________.

A

protein

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11
Q

What is the most common type of kidney stone in adults?

A

Calcium oxalate stones

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12
Q

True or False: The management of kidney stones often includes increased fluid intake.

A

True

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13
Q

What is the recommended daily fluid intake to prevent kidney stones?

A

2-3 liters per day

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14
Q

What imaging technique is commonly used to diagnose kidney stones?

A

Non-contrast CT scan

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: The condition characterized by the presence of blood in the urine is called __________.

A

hematuria

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16
Q

What is the first-line treatment for uncomplicated urinary tract infections (UTIs) in women?

A

Nitrofurantoin

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17
Q

Which antibiotic is generally avoided in pregnancy for treating UTIs?

A

Trimethoprim

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18
Q

True or False: Glomerulonephritis can be caused by autoimmune diseases.

A

True

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19
Q

What laboratory test is used to assess proteinuria?

A

Urine dipstick test

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20
Q

Fill in the blank: The GFR (glomerular filtration rate) is a measure of __________.

A

kidney function

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21
Q

What is the common threshold for GFR to diagnose chronic kidney disease?

A

Less than 60 mL/min/1.73m²

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22
Q

What dietary modification is often recommended for patients with CKD?

A

Reduced protein intake

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23
Q

True or False: Patients with CKD should limit their potassium intake.

A

True

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24
Q

What is the main goal of managing CKD?

A

To slow the progression of kidney disease

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25
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ in the urine is a marker for diabetic kidney disease.

A

albumin

26
Q

What is the primary symptom of nephrotic syndrome?

A

Severe edema

27
Q

True or False: Hypertensive nephrosclerosis is a common cause of chronic kidney disease.

A

True

28
Q

Which condition is characterized by the destruction of the glomeruli?

A

Glomerulonephritis

29
Q

What is the role of a nephrologist?

A

To specialize in kidney care and treatment

30
Q

Fill in the blank: The use of __________ is recommended for patients with diabetic nephropathy.

A

ACE inhibitors

31
Q

What is the first-line treatment for acute kidney injury due to dehydration?

A

Rehydration with intravenous fluids

32
Q

True or False: Polycystic kidney disease is an inherited disorder.

A

True

33
Q

What is the primary method of diagnosing polycystic kidney disease?

A

Ultrasound imaging

34
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary screening test for renal artery stenosis is __________.

A

Doppler ultrasound

35
Q

What is the common cause of post-renal acute kidney injury?

A

Obstruction of urine flow

36
Q

True or False: Ureteral stones can lead to acute kidney injury.

A

True

37
Q

What is the first-line imaging study for suspected kidney obstruction?

A

Ultrasound

38
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a common side effect of ACE inhibitors.

A

Cough

39
Q

What is the recommended maximum sodium intake for CKD patients?

A

Less than 2g per day

40
Q

True or False: Anemia in CKD is primarily due to decreased erythropoietin production.

A

True

41
Q

What is the treatment for anemia in chronic kidney disease?

A

Erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs)

42
Q

Fill in the blank: The most common cause of kidney failure in the UK is __________.

A

diabetes mellitus

43
Q

What is the purpose of renal replacement therapy?

A

To replace the function of the kidneys

44
Q

True or False: Renal transplant is a curative treatment for end-stage renal disease.

A

True

45
Q

What is the most common immunosuppressive medication used post-kidney transplant?

A

Tacrolimus

46
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a common sign of kidney dysfunction.

A

Fatigue

47
Q

What is the term for the accumulation of waste products in the blood due to kidney failure?

A

Uremia

48
Q

True or False: Kidney stones can be made up of uric acid.

A

True

49
Q

What lifestyle change can help prevent the formation of kidney stones?

A

Increasing fluid intake

50
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ in the urine indicates a urinary tract infection.

A

nitrites

51
Q

What dietary advice is given to patients with calcium oxalate stones?

A

Increase calcium intake and limit oxalate-rich foods

52
Q

True or False: The risk of developing chronic kidney disease increases with age.

A

True

53
Q

What is the term for the procedure to remove excess fluid from the body in patients with kidney failure?

A

Dialysis

54
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is a common symptom of urinary tract infections.

A

Dysuria

55
Q

What is the primary risk factor for developing diabetic nephropathy?

A

Poorly controlled diabetes

56
Q

True or False: All patients with CKD will eventually require dialysis.

A

False

57
Q

What is the main goal of dietary management in CKD?

A

To reduce the workload on the kidneys

58
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of __________ in urine can indicate glomerular injury.

A

red blood cells

59
Q

What is the significance of a 24-hour urine collection?

A

To assess kidney function and proteinuria

60
Q

True or False: Kidney disease can lead to cardiovascular complications.

A

True

61
Q

What is the common treatment for hyperphosphatemia in CKD?

A

Phosphate binders

62
Q

Fill in the blank: __________ is the main hormone that regulates blood pressure and fluid balance.

A

Renin

UKMLA Prep (39 decks)

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