General Principles Flashcards
What are the four types of child abuse?
Neglect, emotional abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse
What legal framework governs child protection in the UK?
The Children’s Act of 1989 and 2004
When were the NICE guidelines on child maltreatment published?
2009
List two features where you should consider abuse in cases of neglect.
- Severe and persistent infestations (e.g. Scabies or head lice)
- Parents who do not administer essential prescribed treatment
List two features where you should suspect abuse in cases of neglect.
- Failure to seek medical advice which compromises the child’s health
- Child who is persistently smelly and dirty
List two features where you should consider abuse in cases of sexual abuse.
- Persistent dysuria or anogenital discomfort without a medical explanation
- Gap in anus during examination without a medical explanation
List two features where you should suspect abuse in cases of sexual abuse.
- Persistent or recurrent genital or anal symptoms associated with a behavioral or emotional change
- STI in a child younger than 12 years
List two features where you should consider abuse in cases of physical abuse.
- Any serious or unusual injury with an absent or unsuitable explanation
- Cold injuries in a child with no medical explanation
List two features where you should suspect abuse in cases of physical abuse.
- Bruising, lacerations or burns in a child who is not independently mobile
- One or more fractures if there is an unsuitable explanation
What is the first fine motor milestone a child typically reaches?
Reaches for object (3 months)
At what age can a child typically build a tower of 3 blocks?
18 months
What is the major gross motor milestone at 3 months?
Laughs and enjoys friendly handling
At what age does a child typically start using a spoon competently?
2 years
What milestone is typically reached by a child at 2 years in terms of drawing?
Copies a line
What are the three types of consent?
Informed, expressed, implied
What is Consent Form 1 used for in the UK NHS?
For competent adults who are able to consent for themselves where consciousness may be impaired
What are the key points to determine a patient’s capacity?
- Understand and retain information
- Patient believes the information to be true
- Patient is able to weigh the information to make a decision
What is the requirement for a young person under 16 years regarding consent for contraceptives?
The young person must understand the professional’s advice and cannot be persuaded to inform their parents
What is the Guthrie test used to screen for?
- Hypothyroidism
- Phenylketonuria
- Galactosaemia
- Maple syrup urine disease
- Homocystinuria
What adverse effects may occur after the first dose of the MMR vaccine?
- Malaise
- Fever
- Rash
What is the principal neurotransmitter in the somatic nervous system?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What condition is associated with decreased levels of acetylcholine in the central nervous system?
Alzheimer’s disease
What is alkaptonuria caused by?
A lack of the enzyme homogentisic dioxygenase (HGD)
What are the features of biotin deficiency?
- Alopecia
- Dermatitis