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Interpretating Blood Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What does ABG stand for?

A

Arterial Blood Gas

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2
Q

True or False: ABGs are used to assess oxygenation and acid-base status.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the normal range for arterial pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: A pH less than 7.35 indicates __________.

A

acidosis

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5
Q

What does the PaO2 measure in an ABG?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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6
Q

What is the normal range for PaCO2?

A

35 to 45 mmHg

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7
Q

True or False: A high level of PaCO2 indicates respiratory alkalosis.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?

A

To maintain fluid balance, muscle contraction, and nerve function

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9
Q

What does U+Es stand for?

A

Urea and Electrolytes

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10
Q

What is the normal range for serum sodium levels?

A

135 to 145 mmol/L

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Hypernatremia refers to __________ sodium levels.

A

elevated

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12
Q

What is the normal range for serum potassium levels?

A

3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L

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13
Q

True or False: Hypokalemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias.

A

True

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14
Q

What does LFT stand for?

A

Liver Function Tests

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15
Q

Which enzyme is commonly measured in LFTs to assess liver injury?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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16
Q

What is the normal range for ALT?

A

7 to 56 units/L

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels may indicate __________.

A

cholestasis or biliary obstruction

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18
Q

What is the primary purpose of measuring bilirubin in LFTs?

A

To assess liver function and hemolysis

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19
Q

What is the normal range for total bilirubin?

A

0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL

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20
Q

True or False: A high level of creatinine indicates impaired kidney function.

A

True

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21
Q

What is the normal range for serum creatinine?

A

0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The anion gap is calculated to help determine the cause of __________.

A

metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

What is the formula for calculating the anion gap?

A

Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-)

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24
Q

What does a high anion gap indicate?

A

Presence of unmeasured anions, often due to metabolic acidosis

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25
Q

What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood?

A

22 to 28 mmol/L

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26
Q

True or False: Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a high bicarbonate level.

A

True

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27
Q

What is one common cause of respiratory acidosis?

A

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

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28
Q

What is the significance of measuring lactate levels?

A

To assess tissue hypoxia and lactic acidosis

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29
Q

What is the normal range for serum lactate?

A

0.5 to 2.2 mmol/L

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30
Q

Fill in the blank: A low albumin level can indicate __________.

A

liver disease or nephrotic syndrome

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31
Q

What does the term ‘hyperkalemia’ refer to?

A

Elevated potassium levels in the blood

32
Q

What is one potential consequence of hyperkalemia?

A

Cardiac arrest

33
Q

What is the role of calcium in the body?

A

Essential for muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting

34
Q

What is the normal range for serum calcium levels?

A

8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL

35
Q

True or False: Hypocalcemia can cause muscle spasms and seizures.

36
Q

What is the normal range for phosphate levels in the blood?

A

2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL

37
Q

Fill in the blank: The presence of ketones in urine may indicate __________.

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

38
Q

What does a low white blood cell count indicate?

A

Possible bone marrow dysfunction or severe infection

39
Q

What is the normal range for white blood cells (WBC) in the blood?

A

4,500 to 11,000 cells/mcL

40
Q

True or False: A high platelet count is called thrombocytopenia.

41
Q

What does thrombocytopenia refer to?

A

Low platelet count

42
Q

What is the normal range for platelets in the blood?

A

150,000 to 450,000 platelets/mcL

43
Q

Fill in the blank: A complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of __________.

A

red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

44
Q

What does the term ‘hemoglobin’ refer to?

A

The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

45
Q

What is the normal range for hemoglobin in adult males?

A

13.8 to 17.2 g/dL

46
Q

What is the significance of measuring hematocrit?

A

To assess the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells

47
Q

What is the normal range for hematocrit in adult females?

A

36.1% to 44.3%

48
Q

True or False: An elevated sedimentation rate (ESR) can indicate inflammation.

49
Q

What does CRP stand for?

A

C-reactive protein

50
Q

What is the normal range for C-reactive protein (CRP)?

A

Less than 10 mg/L

51
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated CRP levels indicate __________.

A

inflammation or infection

52
Q

What is the purpose of measuring prothrombin time (PT)?

A

To assess blood coagulation

53
Q

What is the normal range for prothrombin time?

A

11 to 13.5 seconds

54
Q

True or False: APTT stands for activated partial thromboplastin time.

55
Q

What is the normal range for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)?

A

30 to 40 seconds

56
Q

What is the significance of measuring D-dimer levels?

A

To help rule out thromboembolic disorders

57
Q

What does the term ‘hemolysis’ refer to?

A

Destruction of red blood cells

58
Q

Fill in the blank: Hemolytic anemia is characterized by __________.

A

increased destruction of red blood cells

59
Q

What is the normal range for serum glucose?

A

70 to 99 mg/dL

60
Q

True or False: Hyperglycemia is defined as blood glucose levels above 126 mg/dL.

61
Q

What is the significance of measuring triglycerides?

A

To assess risk for cardiovascular disease

62
Q

What is the normal range for triglycerides?

A

Less than 150 mg/dL

63
Q

Fill in the blank: A fasting lipid panel measures __________.

A

cholesterol and triglyceride levels

64
Q

What does HDL stand for?

A

High-Density Lipoprotein

65
Q

What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol?

A

40 to 60 mg/dL

66
Q

True or False: LDL is known as ‘bad’ cholesterol.

67
Q

What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol?

A

Less than 100 mg/dL

68
Q

What is the purpose of measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

A

To evaluate kidney function

69
Q

What is the normal range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?

A

7 to 20 mg/dL

70
Q

Fill in the blank: A high BUN level may indicate __________.

A

kidney dysfunction or dehydration

71
Q

Clinical Significance of albumin

A
  • chronic liver disease
  • protein loss through kidney or gut
72
Q

ALP

A
  • ALP is an enzyme found in the liver, bile ducts, and bone.
  • usually used along side GGT
  • often interpreted alongside GGT levels.
73
Q

Alanine transaminase (ALT):

A
  • ALT is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, and it plays a role in amino acid metabolism.
  • more specific to liver than AST
  • may indicate liver cell damage
74
Q

AST

A

AST is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues.
Can Laos reflect damage to the heart or muscles

75
Q

LDH

A

plays a role in energy production.
- indicate tissue damage in the liver, muscles, heart, or lungs.

76
Q

LDH

A

plays a role in energy production.

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