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UKMLA Prep > Interpretating Blood Tests > Flashcards

Interpretating Blood Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What does ABG stand for?

A

Arterial Blood Gas

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2
Q

True or False: ABGs are used to assess oxygenation and acid-base status.

A

True

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3
Q

What is the normal range for arterial pH?

A

7.35 to 7.45

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: A pH less than 7.35 indicates __________.

A

acidosis

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5
Q

What does the PaO2 measure in an ABG?

A

Partial pressure of oxygen in arterial blood

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6
Q

What is the normal range for PaCO2?

A

35 to 45 mmHg

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7
Q

True or False: A high level of PaCO2 indicates respiratory alkalosis.

A

False

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8
Q

What is the primary function of electrolytes in the body?

A

To maintain fluid balance, muscle contraction, and nerve function

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9
Q

What does U+Es stand for?

A

Urea and Electrolytes

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10
Q

What is the normal range for serum sodium levels?

A

135 to 145 mmol/L

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11
Q

Fill in the blank: Hypernatremia refers to __________ sodium levels.

A

elevated

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12
Q

What is the normal range for serum potassium levels?

A

3.5 to 5.0 mmol/L

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13
Q

True or False: Hypokalemia can lead to cardiac arrhythmias.

A

True

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14
Q

What does LFT stand for?

A

Liver Function Tests

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15
Q

Which enzyme is commonly measured in LFTs to assess liver injury?

A

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT)

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16
Q

What is the normal range for ALT?

A

7 to 56 units/L

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17
Q

Fill in the blank: Elevated alkaline phosphatase levels may indicate __________.

A

cholestasis or biliary obstruction

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18
Q

What is the primary purpose of measuring bilirubin in LFTs?

A

To assess liver function and hemolysis

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19
Q

What is the normal range for total bilirubin?

A

0.1 to 1.2 mg/dL

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20
Q

True or False: A high level of creatinine indicates impaired kidney function.

A

True

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21
Q

What is the normal range for serum creatinine?

A

0.6 to 1.2 mg/dL

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22
Q

Fill in the blank: The anion gap is calculated to help determine the cause of __________.

A

metabolic acidosis

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23
Q

What is the formula for calculating the anion gap?

A

Na+ - (Cl- + HCO3-)

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24
Q

What does a high anion gap indicate?

A

Presence of unmeasured anions, often due to metabolic acidosis

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25
What is the normal range for bicarbonate (HCO3-) in the blood?
22 to 28 mmol/L
26
True or False: Metabolic alkalosis is characterized by a high bicarbonate level.
True
27
What is one common cause of respiratory acidosis?
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
28
What is the significance of measuring lactate levels?
To assess tissue hypoxia and lactic acidosis
29
What is the normal range for serum lactate?
0.5 to 2.2 mmol/L
30
Fill in the blank: A low albumin level can indicate __________.
liver disease or nephrotic syndrome
31
What does the term 'hyperkalemia' refer to?
Elevated potassium levels in the blood
32
What is one potential consequence of hyperkalemia?
Cardiac arrest
33
What is the role of calcium in the body?
Essential for muscle function, nerve transmission, and blood clotting
34
What is the normal range for serum calcium levels?
8.5 to 10.2 mg/dL
35
True or False: Hypocalcemia can cause muscle spasms and seizures.
True
36
What is the normal range for phosphate levels in the blood?
2.5 to 4.5 mg/dL
37
Fill in the blank: The presence of ketones in urine may indicate __________.
diabetic ketoacidosis
38
What does a low white blood cell count indicate?
Possible bone marrow dysfunction or severe infection
39
What is the normal range for white blood cells (WBC) in the blood?
4,500 to 11,000 cells/mcL
40
True or False: A high platelet count is called thrombocytopenia.
False
41
What does thrombocytopenia refer to?
Low platelet count
42
What is the normal range for platelets in the blood?
150,000 to 450,000 platelets/mcL
43
Fill in the blank: A complete blood count (CBC) includes measurements of __________.
red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
44
What does the term 'hemoglobin' refer to?
The protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen
45
What is the normal range for hemoglobin in adult males?
13.8 to 17.2 g/dL
46
What is the significance of measuring hematocrit?
To assess the proportion of blood volume that is occupied by red blood cells
47
What is the normal range for hematocrit in adult females?
36.1% to 44.3%
48
True or False: An elevated sedimentation rate (ESR) can indicate inflammation.
True
49
What does CRP stand for?
C-reactive protein
50
What is the normal range for C-reactive protein (CRP)?
Less than 10 mg/L
51
Fill in the blank: Elevated CRP levels indicate __________.
inflammation or infection
52
What is the purpose of measuring prothrombin time (PT)?
To assess blood coagulation
53
What is the normal range for prothrombin time?
11 to 13.5 seconds
54
True or False: APTT stands for activated partial thromboplastin time.
True
55
What is the normal range for activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT)?
30 to 40 seconds
56
What is the significance of measuring D-dimer levels?
To help rule out thromboembolic disorders
57
What does the term 'hemolysis' refer to?
Destruction of red blood cells
58
Fill in the blank: Hemolytic anemia is characterized by __________.
increased destruction of red blood cells
59
What is the normal range for serum glucose?
70 to 99 mg/dL
60
True or False: Hyperglycemia is defined as blood glucose levels above 126 mg/dL.
True
61
What is the significance of measuring triglycerides?
To assess risk for cardiovascular disease
62
What is the normal range for triglycerides?
Less than 150 mg/dL
63
Fill in the blank: A fasting lipid panel measures __________.
cholesterol and triglyceride levels
64
What does HDL stand for?
High-Density Lipoprotein
65
What is the normal range for HDL cholesterol?
40 to 60 mg/dL
66
True or False: LDL is known as 'bad' cholesterol.
True
67
What is the normal range for LDL cholesterol?
Less than 100 mg/dL
68
What is the purpose of measuring blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
To evaluate kidney function
69
What is the normal range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
7 to 20 mg/dL
70
Fill in the blank: A high BUN level may indicate __________.
kidney dysfunction or dehydration
71
Clinical Significance of albumin
- chronic liver disease - protein loss through kidney or gut
72
ALP
- ALP is an enzyme found in the liver, bile ducts, and bone. - usually used along side GGT - often interpreted alongside GGT levels.
73
Alanine transaminase (ALT):
- ALT is an enzyme primarily found in the liver, and it plays a role in amino acid metabolism. - more specific to liver than AST - may indicate liver cell damage
74
AST
AST is an enzyme found in the liver, heart, muscles, and other tissues. Can Laos reflect damage to the heart or muscles
75
LDH
plays a role in energy production. - indicate tissue damage in the liver, muscles, heart, or lungs.
76
LDH
plays a role in energy production.

UKMLA Prep (48 decks)

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