Mental health Flashcards

Question

TCA toxicity signs

Answer 1

drowsiness, confusion, arrhythmias, seizures, vomiting, headache, flushing, and dilated pupils

Answer 2

blood tests (FBC, UE, CRP, LFTs), Venous Blood Gas, and an ECG to check for QT interval prolongation.

Answer 3

* Supportive care based on patient symptoms * NAC or charcoal in 2-4 hours

Answer 4

Cerebrovascular disease Manic phase of bipolar disorder Phaeochromocytoma Severe cardiovascular disease

Answer 5

Hypertensive reactions ('cheese reaction') with tyramine-containing foods (so patients need to avoid pickled herring, Bovril, Oxo, Marmite, cheese, salami). Should also avoid broad bean pods as these contain dopa.

Answer 6

* PARANOID PERSONALITY DISORDER * SCHIZOID PERSONALITY DISORDER * SCHIZOTYPAL PERSONALITY DISORDER

Answer 7

Characterised by a pervasive and enduring pattern of irrational suspicion and mistrust of others Demonstrates hypersensitivity to criticism and potential slights Exhibits reluctance to confide in others due to fear of information being used maliciously against them Often preoccupied with unfounded beliefs about perceived conspiracies against themselve

Answer 8

Characterised by an enduring pattern of detachment from social relationships and a restricted range of emotional expression Displays a pervasive lack of interest in or desire for interpersonal relationships, often preferring solitary activities Shows an emotional coldness, detachment, or flattened affectivity Often has few, if any, close relationships outside of immediate family

Answer 9

Characterised by a chronic pattern of impaired social interactions, distorted cognitions and perceptions, and eccentric behaviours Demonstrates inappropriate or constricted affect, and peculiar, eccentric or bizarre behaviour Displays odd thinking and speech, such as magical thinking, peculiar ideas, paranoid ideation, and belief in the influence of external forces Shares certain cognitive or perceptual distortions with schizophrenia, but maintains a more intact grasp on reality

Answer 10

ANTISOCIAL PERSONALITY DISORDER BORDERLINE PERSONALITY DISORDER HISTRIONIC PERSONALITY DISORDER NARCISSISTIC PERSONALITY DISORDER

Answer 11

Defined by a pervasive pattern of disregard for and violation of the rights of others. Individuals with this disorder exhibit a lack of empathy and frequently engage in manipulative, impulsive actions. Manifestations include aggressive, unremorseful behaviour, and consistent irresponsibility, which often results in a failure to obey laws and social norms. Children diagnosed with conduct disorder are at increased risk of developing this as they grow older. Prevention can be through parenting programmes, as well as trialling group-based CBT.

Answer 12

Characterised by a recurring pattern of abrupt mood swings, unstable personal relationships, and self-image instability. The propensity towards self-harm is commonly observed in these patients. Relationships often fluctuate between extremes of idealisation and devaluation, a process known as "splitting". There is often an inability to control temper and manage affective responses appropriately. Also known as emotionally unstable personality disorder (EUPD) there may be a history of previous trauma, including sexual abuse. Management is with dialectical behavioural therapy (DBT).

Answer 13

Predominantly characterised by attention-seeking behaviours and excessive displays of emotion. Individuals may display inappropriate sexual behaviours. Their emotional expressions tend to be shallow, dramatic, and often perceived as exaggerated. They often perceive relationships as being more intimate than they truly are, reflecting a distorted perception of interpersonal boundaries.

Answer 14

Characterised by a persistent pattern of grandiosity, a strong need for the admiration of others, and a marked lack of empathy. Individuals with this disorder often display a sense of entitlement and will exploit others to fulfil their own desires. Tendency to be arrogant and preoccupied with personal fantasies and desires, often at the cost of disregarding others' feelings and needs.

Answer 15

AVOIDANT PERSONALITY DISORDER DEPENDENT PERSONALITY DISORDER OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE PERSONALITY DISORDER

Answer 16

Characterised by an excessive preoccupation with orderliness, perfectionism, and control, often at the expense of flexibility, openness, and efficiency Contrary to obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), obsessive-compulsive personality disorder (OCPD) is not associated with recurrent, intrusive thoughts or rituals Indications may include strict adherence to routines, perfectionism to the point of dysfunction, and a persistent reluctance to delegate tasks to others Symptoms are generally ego-syntonic, meaning the patient perceives them as rational and desirable, thereby differentiating OCPD from OCD, where symptoms are typically ego-dystonic and distressing to the individual.

Answer 17

Characterised by a pervasive and excessive need to be taken care of, leading to submissive and clinging behaviour Individuals often lack self-confidence and initiative, relying excessively on others for decision-making Patients may urgently seek new relationships as a source of care and support when existing ones end

Answer 18

Characterised by intense feelings of social inadequacy, fear of rejection, and hypersensitivity to criticism * Patients often self-impose isolation to avoid potential criticism, despite a strong desire for social acceptance and interaction

Answer 19

binge-eating episodes followed by compensatory behaviors, such as self-induced vomiting, laxative abuse, diuretics, fasting, or excessive exercise

Answer 20

Affects adolescents and young adults, with onset in late adolescence or early adulthood. Prevalence: Lifetime 1-2% in women, less than 0.5% in men. Female to male ratio: Approximately 10:1. Relatively stable prevalence over the last few decades.

Answer 21

* Binge Eating: Loss of control, consuming large amounts of high-caloric food urgently. * Purging: Induced vomiting, laxative or diuretic misuse, and excessive exercise. * Body Image Distortion: Distorted perception despite maintaining normal or slightly above average weight.

Answer 22

Dental Erosion: Resulting from recurrent self-induced vomiting. Parotid Gland Swelling: Resulting from recurrent self-induced vomiting. Russell's Sign: Scarring on the back of the hand or knuckles from repeated self-induced vomiting. Amenorrhea: Present in 50% despite normal weight. Excessive Vomiting Complications: Boerhaave syndrome or Mallory-Weiss tear.

Answer 23

Acute neurological syndrome resulting from a deficiency in thiamine (vitamin B1). Related to chronic alcohol abuse

Answer 24

* mental status changes (confusion) * ataxia, * ophthalmoplegia/nystagmus.

Answer 25

* Profound anterograde amnesia * Limited retrograde amnesia * Confabulation (patients fabricate memories to mask their memory deficit)

Answer 26

* **Thiamine level testing**: Low levels are indicative of deficiency. * FBC * Urea and Electrolytes * Liver Profile * Clotting * Bone Profile * Magnesium * MRI can show typical changes in specific regions of the brain, as well as mamillary body atrophy in Korsakoff's syndrome.

Answer 27

* find underlying issue * Thiamine supplementation

Answer 28

* thiamine suplements * rehab (+alcohol support) * managment of patient's environment

Answer 29

sudden, transient neurological condition primarily characterized by acute disruption of both short-term and long-term memory.

Answer 30

middle-aged and elderly individuals

Answer 31

* Sudden onset of memory loss * retrograde amnesia * anterograde amnesia * confusion/ dejavu *preserved personality *motor skills normal ---------------------------------------- * Spontaneous resolution of symptoms, typically within 24 hours

Answer 32

* Brain CT or MRI * EEG * Neuropsychological tests * Blood tests: To exclude metabolic causes such as hypoglycemia or electrolyte imbalance

Answer 33

* Reassurance: * Supervision * Follow-up: A neurological review is advised, especially if episodes are recurrent. * There are no specific pharmacological treatments for TGA.

Answer 34

No need to inform

Answer 35

* They must have a mental disorder * There must be a risk to their health/safety or the safety of others * There must be a treatment (however this can include nursing care, not just drugs)

Answer 36

* Admission for mental health assessment and treatment for up to 28 days, * non-renewable. * The application for admission is initiated by an Approved Mental Health Professional (AMHP) or the patient's nearest relative. * This section necessitates the recommendation of two doctors, one of whom must be 'approved' under Section 12(2) of the MHA

Answer 37

* Permits admission for treatment lasting up to 6 months, with the provision for renewal. * Mandates the involvement of an AMHP and two doctors, both of whom should have examined the patient within the last 24 hours.

Answer 38

* Designed for emergencies when applying Section 2 would cause an unnecessary delay. * Requires the recommendation of a single doctor and the involvement of either an AMHP or the nearest relative. * The patient can be detained for a maximum of 72 hours, typically followed by a transition to Section 2.

Answer 39

Holding power which enables a doctor to legally detain a voluntary patient in the hospital for a period of 72 hours.

Answer 40

Section 5(4) is comparable to a Section 5(2) but is enacted by registered nurses and has a duration of 6 hours.

Answer 41

Allows for a Supervised Community Treatment (also known as a Community Treatment Order).

Answer 42

Court order enabling the police to enter a property to escort a person to a Place of Safety (either the police station or, more commonly, an Accident and Emergency Department (A&E)).

Answer 43

Provides police officers the authority to take an individual, who seems to be suffering from a mental disorder and is in a public place, to a Place of Safety.

Answer 44

Full Blood Count (FBC) Urea and Electrolytes Clotting Screen Liver Function Tests Venous Blood Gas - Severe metabolic acidosis Paracetamol level

Answer 45

Charcoal NAC

Answer 46

Acute overdose - excessive amounts in less than 1 hour, usually in context of self-harm) Staggered overdose - excessive amounts of paracetamol ingested over longer than 1 hour, usually in context of self harm) Therapeutic excess - excessive paracetamol taken with intent to treat pain or fever and without self-harm intent, ingested at dose greater than licensed daily dose (more than 75mg/kg/24 hours).

Answer 47

serious psychiatric disorder that typically develops within the first two weeks following childbirth

Answer 48

Paranoia Delusions Capgras delusions - misidentification syndrome characterised by the belief by the patient that the close person is replaced by an imposter who looks physically the same Hallucinations Manic episodes Depressive episodes Confusion

Answer 49

* Antipsychotic medications - olanzapine and quetiapine are safe to take while breastfeeding * Mood stabilisers in some instances

Answer 50

hronic or relapsing and remitting form of psychosis characterized by positive symptoms (such as hallucinations, delusions, thought disorders) and negative symptoms (including alogia, anhedonia, and avolition)

Answer 51

ICD-11 Criteria: Symptoms present for at least 1 month, causing significant impairment. DSM-5 Criteria: Symptoms persist for at least 6 months, encompassing at least one month of active-phase symptoms (must include one prominent 'ABCD' symptom).

Answer 52

Paranoid Schizophrenia: Characterized by delusions and hallucinations, often with a persecutory theme. Catatonic Schizophrenia: Features motor disturbances and waxy flexibility. Hebephrenic Schizophrenia: Marked by disorganized thinking, emotions, and behavior. Residual Schizophrenia: Residual symptoms persist after a major episode. Simple Schizophrenia: Characterized by a gradual decline in functioning without prominent positive symptoms.

Answer 53

* first-generation' antipsychotics * antagonists to D2 receptors but also on cholinergic, adrenergic and histaminergic receptors

Answer 54

* Acute Dystonia: Involuntary muscle contractions causing spasms. * Akathisia: Restlessness and an inability to sit still. * Parkinsonism: Tremors, rigidity, and bradykinesia (slowed movements). * Tardive Dyskinesia: Involuntary, repetitive movements, especially of the face. Hyperprolactinemia

Answer 55

Drowsiness and sleepiness

Answer 56

Orthostatic hypotension

Answer 57

Dry mouth. Constipation. Blurred vision. Urinary retention.

Answer 58

D2, D3 and 5-HT2A antagonists, with less overspill into other receptors.

Answer 59

risperidone, quetiapine, olanzapine, aripiprazole and clozapine

Answer 60

* lower risk of causing EPS compared to typicals. Lower risk of tardive dyskinesia.

Answer 61

Atypicals have a reduced risk of causing EPS due to serotonin receptor blockade.

Answer 62

* weight (weeks, then at 12 weeks, at 1 year, and then yearly.) * fasting blood glucose, HbA1c, blood lipids * Prolactin baseline * ECG * blood pressure (12 weeks and one year)

Answer 63

* atypical antipsychotic that is indicated if there is failure of treatment of 2 other antipsychotic medication * treatment- resistant schizophrenia

Answer 64

* agranulocytosis * neutropenia * reduced seizure threshold * myocarditis, * slurred speech (due to hypersalivation), * constipation

Answer 65

FBC Blood lipids and weight

Answer 66

potentially life-threatening, idiosyncratic reaction to antipsychotic medications, particularly those that block dopamine receptors.

Answer 67

* hyperthermia * altered mental state * autonomic dysregulation * rigidity

Answer 68

FBC - Monitoring for potential leukocytosis or signs of infection. Creatine Kinase (CK) Levels: Markedly elevated CK levels are often observed due to muscle breakdown. Renal and Liver Function Tests: monitoring organ function due to the potential systemic effects.

Answer 69

* discontinue causative agent * supportive care ( aggressive cooling) * benzodiazepines * dantrolene * intensively monitoring

Answer 70

Excessive worry and apprehension. Difficulty controlling worry. Associated symptoms: Restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue. Duration: At least 6 months.

Answer 71

Excessive anxiety and worry about various domains. Difficulty controlling worry. Associated symptoms: Restlessness, muscle tension, fatigue, irritability. Duration: At least 6 months.

Answer 72

* common in females * associates with depression, substance abuse and personality disorder * onset 35-40 years is more likely indicative of depressive disorder or organic disease.

Answer 73

lower socioeconomic status, unemployment, divorce, renting rather than owning a home, lack of educational qualifications, and urban living.

Answer 74

Fears, worries, poor concentration, irritability, depersonalization, derealization, insomnia, night terrors

Answer 75

Restlessness, fidgeting, a feeling of being on edge

Answer 76

Tremor, tension headache, muscle ache, dizziness, tinnitus

Answer 77

Dry mouth, dysphagia, nausea, indigestion, "butterflies" in the stomach, flatulence, frequent or loose bowel movements

Answer 78

Chest discomfort, palpitations

Answer 79

Urinary frequency, erectile dysfunction, amenorrhea

Answer 80

Dyspnea, tight/constricted chest

Answer 81

Psycho- education Self help CBT SSRI Propranolol Patients under 30 should therefore have a follow-up appointment within 1 week to monitor progress.

Answer 82

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. At least one attack followed by a month of persistent concern. Avoidance behaviors related to attacks.

Answer 83

Recurrent, unexpected panic attacks. Persistent concern about future attacks. Behavioral changes: Avoidance of situations associated with attacks.

Answer 84

Prevalence of 1-2% in the general population. 2-3 times more prevalent in females. Bimodal incidence, peaking at ages 20 and 50. Agoraphobia is concurrent in 30-50% of cases. Increased risk of attempted suicide with comorbid depression, alcohol misuse, or substance misuse.

Answer 85

Difficulties in breathing. Chest discomfort. Palpitations. Hyperventilation Numbness Shaking, sweating, dizziness. Depersonalization/derealization. May result in fear of situations where panic attacks occur or lead to agoraphobia. Development of a conditioned fear-of-fear pattern.

Answer 86

* CBT * fear of fear cycles *SSRI * Clomipramine

Answer 87

* hx self harm or prev suicide attempt * mental health disorder (e.g depression, bipolar disorder) * male * drugs and alcohol use * planned attempt * poor social support

Answer 88

* mild risk - primary care as long as patient as established support network with GP follow ups * moderate severe risk A&E/admitted and reviewed by Psychiatry liaison team

Answer 89

Disorientation Hallucinations - visual or auditory Inattention Memory problems Change in mood or personality. Sundowning is agitation and confusion worsening in the late afternoon or evening. Disturbed sleep

Answer 90

* sleep hygiene * haloperidol or lorazepam. Olanzapine

Answer 91

50% ## Footnote This indicates a significant genetic component in the risk of developing schizophrenia.

Answer 92

Anger, depression, and ideas ## Footnote These factors may lead to interventions such as CBT to reduce the risk of full psychosis.

Answer 93

Social deprivation, urbanization, and stressful life events ## Footnote These factors can contribute to increased stress, which is associated with psychotic disorders.

Answer 94

Dementia ## Footnote This reflects historical perspectives on the disorder before it was redefined as schizophrenia.

Answer 95

Men ## Footnote Schizophrenia typically arises before the age of 40 and is more prevalent in men.

Answer 96

Excessive dopamine activity ## Footnote Positive symptoms include delusions and hallucinations.

Answer 97

Mesocortical (Pre-frontal cortex) ## Footnote This area is associated with negative symptoms such as apathy and anhedonia.

Answer 98

Increased voluntary motor activity ## Footnote This explains the extrapyramidal side effects seen with antipsychotic medications.

Answer 99

A sensory experience that appears real but is created by the mind ## Footnote Patients may hear voices or see things that are not present.

Answer 100

A false belief maintained with strong conviction despite contradictory evidence ## Footnote Delusions are often culturally incongruent.

Answer 101

An impaired capacity to sustain coherent discourse ## Footnote This can manifest in both written and spoken language.

Answer 102

Abnormal movements experienced by some patients ## Footnote This can include a range of behaviors from immobility to excessive movement.

Answer 103

Schizophrenia ## Footnote Schizophrenia is widely studied and recognized in the field of psychiatry.

Answer 104

A condition where a patient can be moved into a position and remains frozen there. ## Footnote Waxy flexibility is often observed in catatonic states.

Answer 105

A state where a patient suddenly stops and remains immobile. ## Footnote This is a key feature of catatonic disorders.

Answer 106

The belief that one's thoughts or actions are no longer one's own. ## Footnote This includes thought insertion, thought broadcasting, and thought withdrawal.

Answer 107

The belief that someone else is putting a thought into one's head. ## Footnote This is one of the types of passivity phenomena.

Answer 108

The belief that everyone can read your thoughts. ## Footnote This is another form of passivity phenomena.

Answer 109

The belief that thoughts are being taken out of one's mind. ## Footnote This completes the triad of passivity phenomena.

Answer 110

Symptoms defined by their absence, such as lack of emotion or social withdrawal. ## Footnote This can be remembered by the 5 A's.

Answer 111

* Affect blunted * Alogia * Asociality * Anhedonia * Avolition ## Footnote These terms describe various aspects of diminished emotional expression and social engagement.

Answer 112

Restricted emotion with poor emotional display. ## Footnote This is one of the 5 A's of negative symptoms.

Answer 113

Paucity of speech. ## Footnote This is another aspect of negative symptoms.

Answer 114

Social isolation or lack of interest in social interactions. ## Footnote This is also part of the negative symptoms.

Answer 115

Lack of pleasure or interest in activities. ## Footnote This symptom is significant in various mental health disorders.

Answer 116

Lack of motivation to initiate and sustain activities. ## Footnote This is the fifth A in the negative symptoms framework.

Answer 117

At least 2 of the following experienced for 1 month: * Delusions * Hallucinations * Disorganized speech * Disorganized or catatonic behavior * Negative symptoms ## Footnote At least one of the first three must be present.

Answer 118

Prominent hallucinations and delusions with mostly normal intellectual functioning and emotion. ## Footnote Patients often feel suspicious and persecuted.

Answer 119

An uncommon type characterized by prominent psychomotor disturbances. ## Footnote Symptoms may include rigidity, posturing, and abnormalities of voluntary movement.

Answer 120

Delusions of persecution and grandeur ## Footnote Patients may believe they are being targeted or possess special powers.

Answer 121

Symptoms that don't clearly fit one of the other types ## Footnote This subtype lacks specific characteristics of other classifications.

Answer 122

Excitement and stupor phases ## Footnote Patients may alternate between extreme agitation and lack of movement.

Answer 123

Bizarre behavior, delusions, and hallucinations ## Footnote Symptoms can include incoherent speech and inappropriate emotional responses.

Answer 124

* Early onset * Unpredictable behavior and speech * Inappropriate affect and mood * Fleeting hallucinations and delusions ## Footnote This type often presents with immature behaviors.

Answer 125

A long-term subtype where most symptoms have gone but negative symptoms remain ## Footnote Patients may retain some cognitive or emotional deficits.

Answer 126

Oral antipsychotics in a staged approach ## Footnote Treatment is tailored based on the patient's response and needs.

Answer 127

Oral atypical antipsychotics (quetiapine, alanzapine, risperidone) ## Footnote Atypical antipsychotics are preferred due to a better side effect profile.

Answer 128

Oral typical antipsychotics (haloperidol, chlorpromazine) ## Footnote These medications are often used if atypical antipsychotics are ineffective.

Answer 129

Clozapine, used for psychosis refractory to other treatments ## Footnote Clozapine requires careful monitoring due to potential side effects.

Answer 130

* Weight * Lipids * Glucose * ECGs ## Footnote Monitoring helps manage the risk of metabolic syndrome and other side effects.

Answer 131

Always start at the minimum dose with monotherapy and then titrate up the medication ## Footnote This approach helps minimize side effects and assess patient tolerance.

Answer 132

6 months ## Footnote This is necessary to allow for stabilization and symptom management.

Answer 133

6-24 months ## Footnote Duration depends on the patient's response and risk of relapse.

Answer 134

5 years medications ## Footnote Extended treatment helps prevent relapse.

Answer 135

Life-long medication ## Footnote Ongoing treatment is necessary to manage chronic symptoms.

Answer 136

A rare mental illness in which a patient experiences delusion without accompanying hallucinations, thought disorder, mood disorder, or flattening of affect. ## Footnote Delusional Disorder is characterized by the presence of one or more delusions that persist for at least one month.

Answer 137

Delusions in absence of any other psychotic symptoms or reversible cause (e.g., drugs). ## Footnote This means that the delusions cannot be attributed to other mental health conditions or substance use.

Answer 138

Psychotherapy (Cognitive Therapy) and Antipsychotics. ## Footnote Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) is specifically mentioned as helping to challenge delusions and develop coping strategies.

Answer 139

False. ## Footnote Patients with Delusional Disorder do not experience hallucinations.

Answer 140

Social support is needed for appropriate housing and financial advice. ## Footnote This support helps patients manage their everyday life and can aid in their overall treatment.

Answer 141

delusions. ## Footnote CBT is a common therapeutic approach used in various mental health disorders.

Answer 142

A psychological response to identifiable stressors leading to significant distress or impairment.

Answer 143

False ## Footnote Adjustment disorders can occur in response to various stressors, not just major life events.

Answer 144

* Job loss * Divorce * Illness * Death of a loved one * Moving to a new location

Answer 145

[three months]

Answer 146

* Anxiety * Depressed mood * Behavioral changes * Trouble concentrating * Difficulty sleeping

Answer 147

Symptoms usually last for no longer than six months after the stressor has ended.

Answer 148

True ## Footnote Adjustment disorders are recognized in the DSM-5 as a group of conditions related to stress.

Answer 149

Psychotherapy is the primary treatment, often complemented by medication if necessary.

Answer 150

[adapt to the stressor]

Answer 151

It can lead to more severe mental health issues, such as anxiety disorders or major depressive disorder.

Answer 152

* Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) * Supportive therapy * Family therapy * Group therapy

Answer 153

Pathological defenses that distort experiences to eliminate the need to deal with reality. ## Footnote Examples include denial, distortion, and splitting.

Answer 154

* Denial * Distortion * Splitting ## Footnote These defenses refuse to accept reality, reshape reality to meet internal needs, and involve intolerance of ambiguity.

Answer 155

Refusal to accept reality. ## Footnote Denial involves rejecting the existence of a painful reality.

Answer 156

A gross reshaping of reality to meet internal needs. ## Footnote Distortion can involve altering perceptions to avoid facing uncomfortable truths.

Answer 157

Intolerance of ambiguity leading to self/others being perceived as wholly good or bad. ## Footnote Splitting is often seen in borderline personality disorder.

Answer 158

Defense mechanisms that include projection, acting out, and projective identification. ## Footnote These defenses are less effective and more self-destructive than neurotic defenses.

Answer 159

Attributing uncomfortable thoughts or feelings to others. ## Footnote This mechanism allows individuals to avoid confronting their own negative emotions.

Answer 160

Acting on thoughts or emotions forbidden by the superego. ## Footnote Acting out often manifests as impulsive or reckless behavior.

Answer 161

The object of projection invokes in that person precisely the thoughts, feelings, or behaviors projected. ## Footnote This can create a cycle where the projected feelings influence the behavior of others.

Answer 162

Defense mechanisms that tend to have short-term advantages but lead to problems when used in the longer term. ## Footnote Neurotic defenses are more adaptive than immature defenses but can still create issues over time.

Answer 163

A disorder where a person holds a delusion that a friend or partner has been replaced by an identical-looking impostor.

Answer 164

A rare mental disorder where the patient believes they (or a part of their body) are dead or non-existent.

Answer 165

Cotard syndrome.

Answer 166

Erotomania.

Answer 167

A condition where a patient has a fixed belief that they are infested by 'bugs'.

Answer 168

The length of symptoms, severity, and presence of psychotic symptoms.

Answer 169

* Mood: elevated, irritable * Speech and thought: pressured, flight of ideas, poor attention * Behaviour: insomnia, loss of inhibitions, increased appetite.

Answer 170

A mood stabilizing drug used prophylactically in bipolar disorder and as an adjunct in refractory depression.

Answer 171

0.4-1.0 mmol/L.

Answer 172

* Nausea/vomiting * Fine tremor * Nephrotoxicity * Thyroid enlargement * Weight gain.

Answer 173

Education about GAD + active monitoring.

Answer 174

Sertraline.

Answer 175

* Step 1: recognition and diagnosis * Step 2: treatment in primary care * Step 3: review and alternative treatments * Step 4: referral to specialist mental health services.

Answer 176

Persistent patterns of thinking, feeling, and behaving that significantly differ from cultural expectations.

Answer 177

* Persistent Pattern * Impairment * Duration * Distress or Dysfunction.

Answer 178

* Mild * Moderate * Severe.

Answer 179

* Negative Affectivity * Detachment * Dissociality * Disinhibition * Anankastia.

Answer 180

* Cluster A: Odd or Eccentric * Cluster B: Dramatic, Emotional, or Erratic * Cluster C: Anxious and Fearful.

Answer 181

* Paranoid * Schizoid * Schizotypal.

Answer 182

* Failure to conform to social norms * Deception * Impulsiveness * Irritability and aggressiveness.

Answer 183

Psychological therapies such as dialectical behaviour therapy.

Answer 184

Re-experiencing traumatic events through flashbacks or nightmares.

Answer 185

* Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) * Eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR). ## Footnote Single-session interventions are not recommended following a traumatic event.

Answer 186

Anger, unexplained physical symptoms ## Footnote These symptoms often co-occur with various mental health issues.

Answer 187

Single-session interventions (debriefing) ## Footnote These interventions have been found to be ineffective and potentially harmful.

Answer 188

Watchful waiting ## Footnote This approach allows for natural recovery without immediate intervention.

Answer 189

Access to treatment provided by the armed forces ## Footnote This includes mental health services tailored for military needs.

Answer 190

Trauma-focused cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), eye movement desensitisation and reprocessing (EMDR) ## Footnote These therapies are evidence-based treatments for PTSD.

Answer 191

Drug treatments ## Footnote Psychotherapy is preferred, with medications as a secondary option.

Answer 192

Venlafaxine or a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) like sertraline ## Footnote SSRIs are commonly prescribed for various anxiety and mood disorders.

Answer 193

Risperidone ## Footnote This antipsychotic may be considered in treatment-resistant cases.

Answer 194

Typical antipsychotics, atypical antipsychotics ## Footnote These categories differ in their mechanisms and side effects.

Answer 195

Dopamine D2 receptor antagonists ## Footnote They block dopaminergic transmission in the mesolimbic pathways.

Answer 196

* Extrapyramidal side-effects * Hyperprolactinaemia ## Footnote These side effects are less common with atypical antipsychotics.

Answer 197

Less common extrapyramidal side-effects and hyperprolactinaemia ## Footnote Atypical antipsychotics were developed to reduce these side effects.

Answer 198

Motor control issues such as Parkinsonism, acute dystonia, akathisia, tardive dyskinesia ## Footnote These effects can significantly impact quality of life.

Answer 199

Chewing and pouting of jaw ## Footnote Tardive dyskinesia can be irreversible and occurs in a significant percentage of patients.

Answer 200

* Increased risk of stroke * Increased risk of venous thromboembolism ## Footnote These risks necessitate careful monitoring in elderly patients.

Answer 201

* Dry mouth * Blurred vision * Urinary retention ## Footnote These antimuscarinic effects can complicate treatment.

Answer 202

Family history ## Footnote Having a parent with schizophrenia significantly increases risk.

Answer 203

50% ## Footnote Genetic factors play a significant role in the risk of schizophrenia.

Answer 204

Auditory hallucinations, thought disorders, passivity phenomena, delusional perceptions ## Footnote These symptoms are key in diagnosing schizophrenia.

Answer 205

* Impaired insight * Negative symptoms * Social withdrawal * Catatonia ## Footnote These features can vary greatly among individuals.

Answer 206

Oral atypical antipsychotics ## Footnote These medications are preferred due to their safety profile.

Answer 207

Strong family history ## Footnote Other factors include gradual onset and low IQ.

Answer 208

Citalopram

Answer 209

taken 12 hours post-dose

Answer 210

dysglycaemia, dyslipidaemia, and diabetes mellitus

Mental health Flashcards

Condition and Presentation