Nephrology Flashcards
What are the 5Fs of abdominal distension
Fat Fluid Faeces Flatus Foetus
Give two causes of a unilateral kidney mass
Multicystic kidney
Wilms’ tumour
Give two causes of a bilateral kidney mass
AR polycystic kidneys
Renal vein thrombosis
Give 4 functions of the kidneys
- Fluid and electrolyte homeostasis
- Excretion of waste and drugs
- Vit. D, erythropoietin, Renin and prostaglandin
- Acid-base homeostasis
Give 3 causes of oedema
- Heart failure
- Nephrotic syndrome
- Liver failure
Give 3 causes of proteinuria
Glomerular disease
Tubular
Congestive HF
What are the 3 features of nephrotic syndrome?
- Proteinuria > 1g/m2/day
- Hypoalbuminemia (<25g/L)
- Oedema
Give 3 classifications of nephrotic syndrome and a cause for each
Idiopathic: minimal change
Secondary: HSP
Congenital
What is the main treatment for nephrotic syndrome?
High dose prednisolone
give 4 non-glomerular causes of haematuria
- Infection
- Trauma
- Stones
- Sickle cell disease
Give 2 glomerular causes of haematuria
Glomerulonephritis
IgA nephropathy
What constitutes hypertension in children?
BP consistently >95th% for age and gender or height
Give 3 causes of incomplete bladder emptying leading to UTI
- Infrequent voiding
- Vulvitis
- Constipation
Give 4 symptoms of a UTI in infancy
Fever
Vomiting
FTT
Poor feeding
Give 4 symptoms of a UTI in children
Dysuria
Frequency
Abdominal pain
Fever
What should be done in suspected UTI <3 months?
Urgent microscopy and culture
Which 2 dipstick results should be cultured and treated as a UTI?
Nitrite and leukocyte +
Nitrite +/leukocyte -
What is the gold standard investigation for UTI?
MSSU for culture and sensitivity
What is the UTI treatment for those <3 months?
IB ABX
Give 4 methods of urine collection
- MSSU
- Catheter specimen
- Suprapubic aspiration
- Urine bag
Define acute renal failure
Sudden reduction in renal function, oliguria <0.5ml/kg/hr
Give one pre-renal, renal and post-renal cause of acute renal failure
Pre: hypovolaemia
Ren: Haemolytic uraemic syndrome
Post: Urinary obstruction
Give 5 indications for dialysis
- Severe hyperkalaemia
- Severe volume overload
- Symptomatic uraemia
- Severe metabolic acidosis
- Removal of toxins
What is a DMSA?
Static scan to delineate divided function of kidneys, shows scars
What is a DTPA?
Dynamic scan, assessment of drainage and obstruction
What is a MCUG?
Micturating Cystourethrogram: for vesicoureteric reflux, bladder outline
