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Paediatrics > Endocrinology and Growth > Flashcards

Endocrinology and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 phases of normal growth?

A
  1. Infantile phase
  2. Childhood phase
  3. Pubertal phase
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2
Q

During the infantile and childhood growth phases, which 2 hormones are depended upon?

A

Growth hormone

Thyroxine

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3
Q

Which hormone stimulates GH and epiphyses fusion in both sexes?

A

Oestrogen

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4
Q

At which age does the adolescent growth spurt happen in both sexes?

A

Girls: 12 years
Boys: 14 years

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5
Q

Define short stature

A

Height more than 2 SD below population mean (below 2.5th centile)

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6
Q

Define tall stature

A

Height >2 SD population mean (97-98th centile)

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7
Q

Define sexual precocity

A

Early sexual development irrespective of cause

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8
Q

Define precocious puberty

A

True puberty before age of 8 in girls and 9 in boys

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9
Q

Give 3 causes of short stature

A
  • Normal genetic short stature
  • Intrauterine growth retardation
  • Dysmorphic syndromes
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10
Q

Give 2 organic causes of faltering weight

A

Coeliac Disease

Renal insufficiency

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11
Q

Which body system and it’s pathologies are commonly associated with early puberty in girls?

A

CNS e.g. cerebral palsy

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12
Q

What management can be started for boys with 4-6ml testes presenting with delayed puberty?

A

3 injections per month of testosterone

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13
Q

In terms of endocrine disorders, which areas do the following affect?

a) primary
b) secondary
c) tertiary

A

a) Organ e.g. testes
b) pituitary
c) hypothalamus

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14
Q

Although true growth hormone deficiency is rare, how is replacement hormone given?

A

Subcut. injection every night until final height reached

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15
Q

What usually causes delayed puberty?

A

Central impairment with intact gonadal axis e.g. anorexia

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16
Q

Give 2 causes of primary ovarian failure

A

Turner’s syndrome

Total body irradiation pre BM transplant

17
Q

Give 2 causes of primary testicular failure

A

After cryptorchidism surgery

Klinefelter’s

18
Q

How is primary hypothyroidism screened for in babies?

A

TSH on Guthrie card

19
Q

What usually causes acquired adrenal insufficiency?

A

Exogeneous steroids suppressing HPA axis

20
Q

How long after birth can congenital diabetes insipidus take to manifest?

A

1 year

21
Q

Which tumour can cause acquired diabetes insipidus?

A

Craniopharyngioma

22
Q

What is the most common cause of polyuria/polydipsia in kids?

A

Habit drinking

23
Q

Define type 1 diabetes

A

AI destruction of pancreatic beta cells causing absolute insulin deficiency and ultimately hyperglycaemia, ketoacidosis, coma and death

24
Q

Give 4 symptoms of diabetes

A
  • Lethargy
  • Weight loss
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyuria
25
Q

Give 4 signs and symptoms of DKA

A
  • Laboured breathing
  • N&V
  • Abdominal pain
  • Confusion
26
Q

What is the pathophysiology of DKA?

A

Insulin deficiency impairs glucose uptake causing a metabolic acidosis

Fat undergoes beta oxidation to form ketones

27
Q

What is commonly enough to diagnose diabetes I children?

A

Single random plasma glucose >11.1 with definite symptoms

28
Q

What may U&Es show in diabetes?

A

Na: appears low
K: initially high
Urea: high (dehydration)
HCO3: depends on acidosis

29
Q

What is the onset and give one example of rapid acting insulin

A

5-10 mins

Novorapid

30
Q

What is the onset and give one example of regular human insulin

A

30 mins

Actrapid

31
Q

What is the onset and give one example of isophane insulin

A

1-3hr

Insulatard

32
Q

What is the onset and give one example of long-acting insulin

A

3-4hr

Lantus

33
Q

Give one example of mixed insulin

A

Humalog mix

34
Q

What is the BM target range in diabetes?

A

4-8mmol/L

35
Q

Give 2 acute complications of diabetes

A

DKA

Hypoglycaemia

36
Q

Give 3 chronic complications of diabetes

A

Nephropathy
Neuropathy
Stroke

Paediatrics (18 decks)

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