ENT/Ophthalmology Flashcards
Give 3 causes of acquired sensorineural hearing loss
- Rubella
- SCBU babies (hypoxia)
- Meningitis
Give 2 causes of congenital sensorineural hearing loss
- Usher’s syndrome
- Pendred’s syndrome
Give 2 management options for sensorineural hearing loss
- Bilateral digital behind the ear hearing aids
- Cochlear implant
Define otitis media with effusion
Mucus in middle ear space, common after URTI or acute otitis media episode
What defines pathological otitis media with effusion?
Fluid in the middle ear present for >3 months
How does conductive hearing loss caused my a middle ear effusion usually present?
Speech delay
Give 2 treatment options for middle ear effusion
- Watch and wait
- Grommets
What are Grommets?
Small ventilation tubes inserted into tympanic membrane to get rid of fluid
Give 4 features of tonsillitis
- Tonsillar exudate
- Fever
- Cervical lymphadenopathy
- Malaise
Give 2 indications for a tonsillectomy with regards to repeat tonsillitis
5 episodes per year over 2 years
OR
7 in a year
How do the adenoids cause nasal obstruction in children and give 2 features
Physiological hypertrophy of adenoids causes obstruction
- Snoring
- Green rhinorrhoea
Define allergic rhinitis and give 2 features
More common cause of nasal obstruction as children get older
- Sneezing
- Clear rhinorrhoea
Give 2 management options for allergic rhinitis
Nasal steroid spray
Antihistamine
What is a common cause of OSA in children?
Normal hypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids
What surgeries are curative for children with OSA?
Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy
Give 4 key questions when taking a sleep history
o Do they get a good night’s sleep?
o Do they snore?
o Have you noticed them stop breathing/holding their breath in the night?
o Do they wake during the night?
What is amblyopia and how does it occur?
Poor vision in a structurally normal eye, occurring when images received by the brain from one eye is poorer so the brain favours the sharper images and one eye ‘turns off’
Give 2 causes of amblyopia
Reduced view through eye
Unequal focus of eyes
Give 2 management options for amblyopia
Occlusion patch
Atropine eye drops
How does an occlusion patch work?
Covers good eye to force poorer eye to be used to see
Name the 2 different types of squints
Esotropia/convergent squint: eye(s) turned inwards
Exotropia/divergent squint: eye(s) turned outwards
Give 3 management options for squints
- Conservative
- Glasses
- Surgery
When is the Red reflex checked and what should be done if it is absent/abnormal?
At birth and 6 weeks old
Urgent referral
What is leukocoria?
White pupil
Give 3 causes of leukocoria
Cataracts
Retinoblastoma
Retinal detachment
Which eye sign can be seen in Neurofibromatosis 1?
Lisch nodules
Which eye sign can be seen in Albinism?
Iris transillumination
Which eye sign can be seen in Marfan’s?
Dislocated lens
What is nasolacrimal duct obstruction and how does it present?
Incomplete canalisation of NLD
Sticky watery eye without conjunctivitis
At what age does myelination of the optic nerve occur?
24 months
At which age should a Childs eye be structurally complete?
3 years old
Between what ages does myelination of the prefrontal cortex spurt in density?
5-7 years old
