ENT/Ophthalmology

Question 1

Give 3 causes of acquired sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 1

• Rubella
• SCBU babies (hypoxia)
• Meningitis

Question 2

Give 2 causes of congenital sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 2

• Usher’s syndrome

- Pendred’s syndrome

Question 3

Give 2 management options for sensorineural hearing loss

Answer 3

• Bilateral digital behind the ear hearing aids

- Cochlear implant

Question 4

Define otitis media with effusion

Answer 4

Mucus in middle ear space, common after URTI or acute otitis media episode

Question 5

What defines pathological otitis media with effusion?

Answer 5

Fluid in the middle ear present for >3 months

Question 6

How does conductive hearing loss caused my a middle ear effusion usually present?

Answer 6

Speech delay

Question 7

Give 2 treatment options for middle ear effusion

Answer 7

• Watch and wait

- Grommets

Question 8

What are Grommets?

Answer 8

Small ventilation tubes inserted into tympanic membrane to get rid of fluid

Question 9

Give 4 features of tonsillitis

Answer 9

• Tonsillar exudate
• Fever
• Cervical lymphadenopathy
• Malaise

Question 10

Give 2 indications for a tonsillectomy with regards to repeat tonsillitis

Answer 10

5 episodes per year over 2 years
OR
7 in a year

Question 11

How do the adenoids cause nasal obstruction in children and give 2 features

Answer 11

Physiological hypertrophy of adenoids causes obstruction

• Snoring
• Green rhinorrhoea

Question 12

Define allergic rhinitis and give 2 features

Answer 12

More common cause of nasal obstruction as children get older

• Sneezing
• Clear rhinorrhoea

Question 13

Give 2 management options for allergic rhinitis

Answer 13

Nasal steroid spray

Antihistamine

Question 14

What is a common cause of OSA in children?

Answer 14

Normal hypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids

Question 15

What surgeries are curative for children with OSA?

Answer 15

Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy

Question 16

Give 4 key questions when taking a sleep history

Answer 16

o Do they get a good night’s sleep?

o Do they snore?

o Have you noticed them stop breathing/holding their breath in the night?

o Do they wake during the night?

Question 17

What is amblyopia and how does it occur?

Answer 17

Poor vision in a structurally normal eye, occurring when images received by the brain from one eye is poorer so the brain favours the sharper images and one eye ‘turns off’

Question 18

Give 2 causes of amblyopia

Answer 18

Reduced view through eye

Unequal focus of eyes

Question 19

Give 2 management options for amblyopia

Answer 19

Occlusion patch

Atropine eye drops

Question 20

How does an occlusion patch work?

Answer 20

Covers good eye to force poorer eye to be used to see

Question 21

Name the 2 different types of squints

Answer 21

Esotropia/convergent squint: eye(s) turned inwards

Exotropia/divergent squint: eye(s) turned outwards

Question 22

Give 3 management options for squints

Answer 22

• Conservative
• Glasses
• Surgery

Question 23

When is the Red reflex checked and what should be done if it is absent/abnormal?

Answer 23

At birth and 6 weeks old

Urgent referral

Question 24

What is leukocoria?

Answer 24

White pupil

Question 25

Give 3 causes of leukocoria

Answer 25

Cataracts
Retinoblastoma
Retinal detachment

Question 26

Which eye sign can be seen in Neurofibromatosis 1?

Answer 26

Lisch nodules

Question 27

Which eye sign can be seen in Albinism?

Answer 27

Iris transillumination

Question 28

Which eye sign can be seen in Marfan’s?

Answer 28

Dislocated lens

Question 29

What is nasolacrimal duct obstruction and how does it present?

Answer 29

Incomplete canalisation of NLD

Sticky watery eye without conjunctivitis

Question 30

At what age does myelination of the optic nerve occur?

Answer 30

24 months

Question 31

At which age should a Childs eye be structurally complete?

Answer 31

3 years old

Question 32

Between what ages does myelination of the prefrontal cortex spurt in density?

Answer 32

5-7 years old