ENT/Ophthalmology Flashcards

1
Q

Give 3 causes of acquired sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Rubella
  • SCBU babies (hypoxia)
  • Meningitis
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2
Q

Give 2 causes of congenital sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Usher’s syndrome

- Pendred’s syndrome

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3
Q

Give 2 management options for sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • Bilateral digital behind the ear hearing aids

- Cochlear implant

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4
Q

Define otitis media with effusion

A

Mucus in middle ear space, common after URTI or acute otitis media episode

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5
Q

What defines pathological otitis media with effusion?

A

Fluid in the middle ear present for >3 months

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6
Q

How does conductive hearing loss caused my a middle ear effusion usually present?

A

Speech delay

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7
Q

Give 2 treatment options for middle ear effusion

A
  • Watch and wait

- Grommets

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8
Q

What are Grommets?

A

Small ventilation tubes inserted into tympanic membrane to get rid of fluid

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9
Q

Give 4 features of tonsillitis

A
  • Tonsillar exudate
  • Fever
  • Cervical lymphadenopathy
  • Malaise
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10
Q

Give 2 indications for a tonsillectomy with regards to repeat tonsillitis

A

5 episodes per year over 2 years
OR
7 in a year

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11
Q

How do the adenoids cause nasal obstruction in children and give 2 features

A

Physiological hypertrophy of adenoids causes obstruction

  • Snoring
  • Green rhinorrhoea
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12
Q

Define allergic rhinitis and give 2 features

A

More common cause of nasal obstruction as children get older

  • Sneezing
  • Clear rhinorrhoea
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13
Q

Give 2 management options for allergic rhinitis

A

Nasal steroid spray

Antihistamine

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14
Q

What is a common cause of OSA in children?

A

Normal hypertrophy of tonsils and adenoids

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15
Q

What surgeries are curative for children with OSA?

A

Adenoidectomy and tonsillectomy

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16
Q

Give 4 key questions when taking a sleep history

A

o Do they get a good night’s sleep?

o Do they snore?

o Have you noticed them stop breathing/holding their breath in the night?

o Do they wake during the night?

17
Q

What is amblyopia and how does it occur?

A

Poor vision in a structurally normal eye, occurring when images received by the brain from one eye is poorer so the brain favours the sharper images and one eye ‘turns off’

18
Q

Give 2 causes of amblyopia

A

Reduced view through eye

Unequal focus of eyes

19
Q

Give 2 management options for amblyopia

A

Occlusion patch

Atropine eye drops

20
Q

How does an occlusion patch work?

A

Covers good eye to force poorer eye to be used to see

21
Q

Name the 2 different types of squints

A

Esotropia/convergent squint: eye(s) turned inwards

Exotropia/divergent squint: eye(s) turned outwards

22
Q

Give 3 management options for squints

A
  • Conservative
  • Glasses
  • Surgery
23
Q

When is the Red reflex checked and what should be done if it is absent/abnormal?

A

At birth and 6 weeks old

Urgent referral

24
Q

What is leukocoria?

A

White pupil

25
Give 3 causes of leukocoria
Cataracts Retinoblastoma Retinal detachment
26
Which eye sign can be seen in Neurofibromatosis 1?
Lisch nodules
27
Which eye sign can be seen in Albinism?
Iris transillumination
28
Which eye sign can be seen in Marfan's?
Dislocated lens
29
What is nasolacrimal duct obstruction and how does it present?
Incomplete canalisation of NLD Sticky watery eye without conjunctivitis
30
At what age does myelination of the optic nerve occur?
24 months
31
At which age should a Childs eye be structurally complete?
3 years old
32
Between what ages does myelination of the prefrontal cortex spurt in density?
5-7 years old