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PBD I Exam 2 > Neoplasia IV > Flashcards

Neoplasia IV Flashcards

1
Q

anoikis

A

loss of adhesion to BM

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2
Q

extrinsic apoptosis

A

Fas/FasL
-FADD
caspase 8

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3
Q

intrinsic apoptosis

A

DNA damage
-mito cytochrome c

caspase 9

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4
Q

pro-apoptotic

A

BAX and BAK

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5
Q

anti-apoptotic

A

BCL-2

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6
Q

BH3-only proteins

A

sense death inducing stimuli

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7
Q

convergence of apoptosis pathways

A

caspase 3

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8
Q

FLIP

A

in tumors - prevent activation of caspase 8

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9
Q

p53 and apoptosis

A

increases BAX

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10
Q

BCL2 gene

A

protects tumor cells from apoptosis

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11
Q

telomerase

A

upregulated in tumors

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12
Q

angiogenesis in tumors

A

necessary to get larger than 1-2mm

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13
Q

bridge fusion breakage cycle

A

joining of ends of shortened chromosomes

-if cancer gets telomerase back - this can cause cells with really fucked up DNA

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14
Q

angiogenesis inhibitors

A

angiostatin
endostatin
vasculostatin

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15
Q

HIF-alpha

A

with hypoxia

-activates transcription of VEGF and bFGF

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16
Q

bFGF

A

pro-angiogenic

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17
Q

notch signaling

A

with VEGF

-regulates branching and density of vessels

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18
Q

p53

A

can stimulate anti-angiogenesis factors

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19
Q

mutations of RAS and MYC

A

up-regulate VEGF production

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20
Q

bevacizumab

A

anti-VEGF antibody

-Tx of multiple cancers

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21
Q

steps of metastasis through ECM

A

loosen tumor cell-cell interactions

degrade ECM

attachment to ECM

migration

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22
Q

E-cadherins

A

connected to beta-catenin

-disrupted with cell mestastasis

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23
Q

catenin

A

link E-cadherin to cytoskeleton

mutations in catenin - cancer

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24
Q

MMP

A

degradation of the BM and CT

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25
ameboid migration
tumor cells squeeze through matrix quicker
26
collagen IV
in BM
27
locomotion during metastasis
cytokine driven
28
platelet tumor aggregates
in bloodstream | -may favor cell survival and implant of tumor cells
29
CD44
on T cells and is used to migrate in lymphoid tissue -binds hyaluronate overexpression of CD44 may cause metastasis
30
most metastasis
first capillary bed they meet
31
breast cancer cells
secrete PTHRP - stimulate RANK and RANK-L from osteoblast - activate osteoclast degradation of bone matrix
32
clonal evolution model
as mutations accumulate | -subset of tumor cells that have right genes for metastasis arise
33
metastasis suppressor gene
loss of this gene promotes metastasis
34
metastasis oncogenes
favors development of metastasis SNAIL and TWIST
35
mir335 and mir126
suppress metastasis of breast cancer
36
mir10b
promote metastasis
37
DNA repair systems
mismatch repair nucleotide excision repair recombination repair
38
HNPCC syndrome
defective mismath repair genes MSH2 and MLH1 microsatellite instability
39
xeroderma pigmentosa
defective nucleotide excision repair risk of cancers after UV exposure
40
blood syndrome
defective homologous recombination repair
41
ataxia-telangiectasia
defective homologous recombination repair mutated ATM -DNA damage by ionizing radiation
42
fanconi anemia
defective homologous recombination repair
43
BRCA1 and BRCA2
mutated in patients with breast cancer
44
stromal microenvironment
host stromal cells, ECM, and inflammation can modulate tumor growth
45
warburg effect
cancer cells use glycolysis -increased need for glucose "aerobic glycolysis" pyruvate can be shunted to synthesis other cell constituents
46
mTOR pathway
stimulated by growth factors to increase glucose and AA uptake
47
PTEN
promotes autophagy
48
burkitt lymphoma
c-myc gene moved to Ig heavy chain gene locus | -causes overexpression
49
philadelphia chromosome
fusion of BCR-ABL genes -from translocation chromosome 9 and 22 constitutive kinase activity
50
hematopoietic malignancy
translocation
51
deletions
common in non-hematopoietic solid tumors | -ex. RB gene
52
N-myc gene amplification
in neuroblastoma
53
ERB-B2 gene amplification
in breast cancer
54
cancer cell epigenetics
global DNA hypomethylation and promoter localized hypermethylation (for tumor suppressors)
55
methylation
inactivates genes
56
evolution of colorectal cancer
mutation at APC - hyperproliferative mutation at RAS - adenoma to intermediate adenoma loss of tumor suppressor - late aenoma loss of p53 - carcinoma
57
p53
on chromosome 17p
58
direct acting carcinogenic agents
no metabolic conversion necessary
59
indirect acting carcinogenic agents
require conversion first - usually cytochrome p450 ex/ polycyclic hydrocarbons
60
steps in chemical carcinogenesis
initiation followed by promotion
61
aflatoxin B1
from aspergillus correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma chemical carcinogen
62
sun light that causes cancer
mostly UVB fair skinned in australia/new zealand - carcinoma and melanoma cumulative - non-melanoma intense intermittent - melanoma (sun bathing)
63
radiation induced neoplasms
myeloid leukemias | -followed by children thyroid cancer
64
helicobacterial pylori
gastric malignancy
65
HTLV1
RNA virus that causes cancer -CD4 T cells T cell leukemia,lymphoma in Japan and Caribbean tax protein increases cell replication and interferes with repair
66
HPV
DNA viruses that causes cancer -squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix loss of E2 viral suppressor and over-expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins
67
EBV
herpes virus that infects B cells -B cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed patients NOT burkitt lymphoma - this is a translocation of c-MYC
68
hepatocellular carcinoma
due to hepatitis virus B and C
69
H. pylori
gastric carcinoma -pathway of prolonged chronic inflammation marginal zone lymphoma -MALToma (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

PBD I Exam 2 (18 decks)

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