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PBD I Exam 2 > Neoplasia IV > Flashcards

Neoplasia IV Flashcards

1
Q

anoikis

A

loss of adhesion to BM

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2
Q

extrinsic apoptosis

A

Fas/FasL
-FADD
caspase 8

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3
Q

intrinsic apoptosis

A

DNA damage
-mito cytochrome c

caspase 9

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4
Q

pro-apoptotic

A

BAX and BAK

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5
Q

anti-apoptotic

A

BCL-2

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6
Q

BH3-only proteins

A

sense death inducing stimuli

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7
Q

convergence of apoptosis pathways

A

caspase 3

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8
Q

FLIP

A

in tumors - prevent activation of caspase 8

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9
Q

p53 and apoptosis

A

increases BAX

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10
Q

BCL2 gene

A

protects tumor cells from apoptosis

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11
Q

telomerase

A

upregulated in tumors

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12
Q

angiogenesis in tumors

A

necessary to get larger than 1-2mm

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13
Q

bridge fusion breakage cycle

A

joining of ends of shortened chromosomes

-if cancer gets telomerase back - this can cause cells with really fucked up DNA

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14
Q

angiogenesis inhibitors

A

angiostatin
endostatin
vasculostatin

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15
Q

HIF-alpha

A

with hypoxia

-activates transcription of VEGF and bFGF

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16
Q

bFGF

A

pro-angiogenic

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17
Q

notch signaling

A

with VEGF

-regulates branching and density of vessels

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18
Q

p53

A

can stimulate anti-angiogenesis factors

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19
Q

mutations of RAS and MYC

A

up-regulate VEGF production

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20
Q

bevacizumab

A

anti-VEGF antibody

-Tx of multiple cancers

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21
Q

steps of metastasis through ECM

A

loosen tumor cell-cell interactions

degrade ECM

attachment to ECM

migration

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22
Q

E-cadherins

A

connected to beta-catenin

-disrupted with cell mestastasis

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23
Q

catenin

A

link E-cadherin to cytoskeleton

mutations in catenin - cancer

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24
Q

MMP

A

degradation of the BM and CT

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25
Q

ameboid migration

A

tumor cells squeeze through matrix

quicker

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26
Q

collagen IV

A

in BM

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27
Q

locomotion during metastasis

A

cytokine driven

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28
Q

platelet tumor aggregates

A

in bloodstream

-may favor cell survival and implant of tumor cells

29
Q

CD44

A

on T cells and is used to migrate in lymphoid tissue
-binds hyaluronate

overexpression of CD44 may cause metastasis

30
Q

most metastasis

A

first capillary bed they meet

31
Q

breast cancer cells

A

secrete PTHRP

  • stimulate RANK and RANK-L from osteoblast
  • activate osteoclast degradation of bone matrix
32
Q

clonal evolution model

A

as mutations accumulate

-subset of tumor cells that have right genes for metastasis arise

33
Q

metastasis suppressor gene

A

loss of this gene promotes metastasis

34
Q

metastasis oncogenes

A

favors development of metastasis

SNAIL and TWIST

35
Q

mir335 and mir126

A

suppress metastasis of breast cancer

36
Q

mir10b

A

promote metastasis

37
Q

DNA repair systems

A

mismatch repair
nucleotide excision repair
recombination repair

38
Q

HNPCC syndrome

A

defective mismath repair

genes MSH2 and MLH1

microsatellite instability

39
Q

xeroderma pigmentosa

A

defective nucleotide excision repair

risk of cancers after UV exposure

40
Q

blood syndrome

A

defective homologous recombination repair

41
Q

ataxia-telangiectasia

A

defective homologous recombination repair

mutated ATM
-DNA damage by ionizing radiation

42
Q

fanconi anemia

A

defective homologous recombination repair

43
Q

BRCA1 and BRCA2

A

mutated in patients with breast cancer

44
Q

stromal microenvironment

A

host stromal cells, ECM, and inflammation can modulate tumor growth

45
Q

warburg effect

A

cancer cells use glycolysis
-increased need for glucose
“aerobic glycolysis”

pyruvate can be shunted to synthesis other cell constituents

46
Q

mTOR pathway

A

stimulated by growth factors to increase glucose and AA uptake

47
Q

PTEN

A

promotes autophagy

48
Q

burkitt lymphoma

A

c-myc gene moved to Ig heavy chain gene locus

-causes overexpression

49
Q

philadelphia chromosome

A

fusion of BCR-ABL genes
-from translocation

chromosome 9 and 22

constitutive kinase activity

50
Q

hematopoietic malignancy

A

translocation

51
Q

deletions

A

common in non-hematopoietic solid tumors

-ex. RB gene

52
Q

N-myc gene amplification

A

in neuroblastoma

53
Q

ERB-B2 gene amplification

A

in breast cancer

54
Q

cancer cell epigenetics

A

global DNA hypomethylation and promoter localized hypermethylation (for tumor suppressors)

55
Q

methylation

A

inactivates genes

56
Q

evolution of colorectal cancer

A

mutation at APC - hyperproliferative
mutation at RAS - adenoma to intermediate adenoma
loss of tumor suppressor - late aenoma
loss of p53 - carcinoma

57
Q

p53

A

on chromosome 17p

58
Q

direct acting carcinogenic agents

A

no metabolic conversion necessary

59
Q

indirect acting carcinogenic agents

A

require conversion first - usually cytochrome p450

ex/ polycyclic hydrocarbons

60
Q

steps in chemical carcinogenesis

A

initiation followed by promotion

61
Q

aflatoxin B1

A

from aspergillus

correlation with hepatocellular carcinoma

chemical carcinogen

62
Q

sun light that causes cancer

A

mostly UVB

fair skinned in australia/new zealand - carcinoma and melanoma

cumulative - non-melanoma
intense intermittent - melanoma (sun bathing)

63
Q

radiation induced neoplasms

A

myeloid leukemias

-followed by children thyroid cancer

64
Q

helicobacterial pylori

A

gastric malignancy

65
Q

HTLV1

A

RNA virus that causes cancer
-CD4 T cells

T cell leukemia,lymphoma in Japan and Caribbean

tax protein increases cell replication and interferes with repair

66
Q

HPV

A

DNA viruses that causes cancer
-squamous cell carcinoma of the cervix

loss of E2 viral suppressor and over-expression of E6 and E7 oncoproteins

67
Q

EBV

A

herpes virus that infects B cells
-B cell lymphoma in immunosuppressed patients

NOT burkitt lymphoma - this is a translocation of c-MYC

68
Q

hepatocellular carcinoma

A

due to hepatitis virus B and C

69
Q

H. pylori

A

gastric carcinoma
-pathway of prolonged chronic inflammation

marginal zone lymphoma
-MALToma (mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma

PBD I Exam 2 (18 decks)

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