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PBD I Exam 2 > Diseases of the Immune System II > Flashcards

Diseases of the Immune System II Flashcards

1
Q

four categories of immune pathology

A

1 - hypersensitivity
2 - autoimmune
3 - deficiency
4 - amyloidosis

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2
Q

hypersensitivity

A

excessive response to antigen

  • often associated with inherited genes
  • imbalance of activation/inhibition signals
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3
Q

type I hypersensitivity

A

aka immediate
mediated by Th2 cells - IgE antibodies, and mast cells
-vessels, smooth muscles, and inflammation
-occur within minutes
-systemic or local

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4
Q

type II hypersensitivity

A

aka antibody-mediated
mediated y IgM and IgG
-injury to tissue by phagocytosis, lysis
-inflammation

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5
Q

type III hypersensitivity

A

aka immune complex mediated
IgG and IgM bind antigens in circulation
-create immune complexes
-in circulation

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6
Q

type IV hypersensitivity

A

aka cell mediated

-T cells - Th1, Th17, CTLs

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7
Q

allergy

A

type I hypersensitivity

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8
Q

Sx of type I hypersensitivity

A 
localized skin swelling
nasal discharge
hay fever
bronchial asthma
allergic gastroenteritis

or shock (systemic)

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9
Q

two phases of type I hypersensitivity

A

immediate - vasodilation, leakage, gland secretion, and smooth muscle contraction (broncho)
-within 5-30 minutes

late-phase - infiltration of eosinophils, neutrophils, basophils, monocytes, CD4 T cells

  • tissue destruction
  • 2-24 hours
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10
Q

IgE

A

stimulation of type I hypersensitivity

-activate mast cells and other leukocytes

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11
Q

vasoactive amines and lipid mediators

A

immediate phase of type I

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12
Q

cytokines

A

late phase of type I

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13
Q

C5a and C3a

A

anaphylatoxins

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14
Q

mast cells

A

in tissues

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15
Q

basophils

A

in circulation

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16
Q

IL-4

A

class switching to produce IgE

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17
Q

IL-5

A

activates eosinophils

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18
Q

IL-13

A

enhances IgE production and stimulates mucus production

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19
Q

mast cell granules

A

preformed mediators of type I

  • vasoactive amines - histamine (bronchoconstriction)
  • enzymes - tissue damage
  • proteoglycans - heparin (anticoagulant)
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20
Q

lipid mediators from mast cells

A

arachidonic acid (released by phospholipase A2)

  • leukotrienes - vasoactive
  • prostaglandins - mucus and bronchospasm
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21
Q

cytokines of mast cells

A

initiate late-phase rxns

-TNF, IL-1, chemokines (leuko recruiters)

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22
Q

mellitin

A

in bee venom

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23
Q

leukotriene B4

A

chemotactic

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24
Q

prostaglandin D2

A

bronchospasm and mucus production

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25
PAF
``` platelet aggregation histamine release bronchoconstriction vasodilation vascular permeability ```
26
IL-4
amplifies Th2 response
27
atopy
predisposition to localized immediate hypersensitivity reactions -higher serum IgE more Il-4 producing Th2 cells linkage to GLA genes
28
non-atopic allergy
type I hypersensitivity triggered by temperature and exercise
29
hygiene hypothesis
more type I | -because of decreased antigen exposure when younger
30
systemic anaphylaxis
vascular shock, edema, difficulty breathing - type I hypersensitivity reaction - in prior sensitized individuals
31
local type I reactions
urticaria (hives) rhinitis (hay fever) bronchial asthma angioedema
32
mechanisms of type II hypersensitivity
opsonization and phagocytosis inflammation cellular dysfunction
33
opsonization of type II
IgG opsonized recognized by Fc receptors | -also, IgM and IgG activate complement
34
ADCC
antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity | -coated with IgG - stimulates killing by effector cells
35
examples of type II hypersensivities
transfusion rxns erythroblastosis fetalis autoimmune hemolytic anemia, agranulocytosis, thrombocytopenia drug rxns
36
inflammation of type II
C5a - increases inflammation - chemotactic C3a and C5a - vasc permeability complement and Fc-dependent glomerulonephritis and vascular rejection in transplant
37
myasthenia gravis
antibody against acetylcholine receptors -muscle weakness type II hypersensitivity
38
graves disease
type II hypersensitivity antibody against TSH receptor -cause hyperthyroidism
39
goodpasture syndrome
antibody for non-collagen protein in lung and kidney | -nephritis and lung hemorrhage
40
autoimmune hemolytic anemia
antibody for RBCs
41
autoimmune thrombocytopenia purpura
antibody for platelets
42
pemphigus vulgarus
antibody for epidermal junction protein | -bullae (blisters)
43
acute rheumatic fever
antibody for streptococcal antigen cross reacts with myocardial antigen -myocarditis and arthritis
44
insulin-resistant diabetes
antibody for insulin receptor | -hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis
45
immune complex
antigen and antibody combine in circulation - deposit somewhere - typically vessel walls - results in type III hypersensitivity
46
acute serum sickness
administer large serum doses - antibody binds foreign antigen - deposition causes arthritis, vasculitis, nephritis
47
3 phases of immune complex disease
1 - formation of antigen-antibody complex (IgM and IgG) 2 - deposition of immune complex 3 - inflammatory rxn at site
48
favored sites of deposition for immune complexes
glomeruli and joints - blood filtered at high pressure - catches complexes
49
vasculitis
inflammation of vessesls
50
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of renal glomeruli
51
arthritis
inflammation of joints
52
C3 levels and type III
decreased serum C3 levels occur during type III rxns and can monitor disease activity
53
acute necrotizing vasculitis
fibrinoid necrosis - of vessel wall complexes seen with immunofluorescent microscopy
54
systemic lupus erythematous
chronic serum sickness | -persistant antibodies against autoantigens
55
arthus rxn
local immune complex vasculitis - skin usually - fibrinoid necrosis in vessel walls causes ischemic injury
56
delayed type hypersensitivity
type IV mediated by CD4 T cells - immune inflammation - Th1 - lots of M0 - Th17 - lots of neutrophils
57
percentage of neutrophils vs. macrophages in type IV delayed type
lots of M0 - Th1 | lots of neutrophils - Th17
58
IL-12
from APCs | -stimulates Th1 formation
59
IL-1, IL-6, IL-23
from APCs | -stimulate Th17 formation
60
tuberculin reaction
delayed type hypersensitivity | -previously sensitized individual will have reddening and induration within 8-12 hours and peak at 24-72 hours
61
epitheloid cells
transformed macrophages - occurs with non-degradable antigens - form granuloma
62
contact dermatitis
urushiol - poison ivy and oak | -delayed-type hypersensitivity
63
type I diabetes
CD8 T cells against pancreatic beta cells
64
viral infected cells
displayed by class I MHC
65
examples of type IV hypersensitivites
multiple sclerosis - T cell against CNS myelin rheumatoid arthritis - T cell against antigen in joints crohns disease - T cell against antigen in intestine
66
CD8 T cell killing
perforins and granzymes - perforins - break membrane - granzymes - cleave and activate caspases also Fas ligand - induce apoptosis

PBD I Exam 2 (18 decks)

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